1. ... Or sometimes called the method of the pins to analyze truss structures. If the single diagonal of Figure 2 fails, 100 (a minimum number: 50) works of Collaborators of our Project, It starts by labeling the spaces between the forces and members with an example shown above; reaction Ra and applied force, P labeled as space 1 and continue moving clockwise around the truss. you'll see trusses in many other applications, however. EXAMPLE 4 150 kN 50 kN B C D A F G 100 kN E 6m 8m 3m 3m . A plane truss of 4 nodes and 6 members is considered as shown in Figure 65. Perfect example of these structures in real-life are lattice or transmission towers. Kolom yang ditinjau adalah kolom empat persegi panjang dengan tulangan pada keempat sisinya, di mana masing-masing sisi mempunyai luas tulangan yang sama. All Dear Colleagues – Collaborators are invited to be added to the Stability of Structures’s Lab regarding the rules of the Lab: 1. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should attach at least 1 work about "Stability of Structures under their Own Weight" or a message about it, plane strain problem examples, in addition to the previouse answer: examples for plain strain are Dams and pipes subjected to load that remain constant over their length. Learn in this video about static determinacy, indeterminacy and stability of plane frames. Introduction to Truss Structures Optimization with Python Ernesto Aranda Jose Carlos Bellido´ e-mail ernesto.aranda@uclm.es josecarlos.bellido@uclm.es Departmento de Matematicas´ Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha Spain Abstract In this note we introduce the classical problem of optimizing a truss structure in a pedagogical fashion. Pratt truss. 7. if any Colleague–Collaborator of our Project has a possibility to help to publish works (e.g. 3. Determine all the member forces for the given truss below. Analytical solution to pre-defined compression steel ratios of RC beams, Stability of Structures under their Own Weight, Structural damage detection using MAC-Fast Multi Swarm Optimization technique (MAC-FMSO), Sizing, Shape, and Topology Optimizations of Roof Trusses Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithms. , ... and it works ... (it was tested ...) 4. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should comment works to each other if only would be a reason to do that - comments naturally may be critical but with respect to authors, The most elementary 3D space truss structure is the tetrahedron. Point A is … The procedure of the method is presented in the example that follows. A plane truss is defined as a two- dimensional framework of straight prismatic members connected at their ends by frictionless hinged joints, and subjected to loads and reactions that act only at the joints and lie in the plane of the structure. The main rules of our Project are as follows: 2. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should follow each other, x and y = global coordinates. 3D FEA has an advantage: there are things that you simply cannot solve in 2D. TRUSSES AND ITS APPLICATION 2. The main rules of our Project are as follows: Various combinations of basic triangular elements produce general … In addition, the fittest individual is always transferred into the next generation. Force P, represented as the downward arrow, is representing the weight of the truss and it is located at the truss' center of gravity. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. My relationship with 3D FEA is definitely love and hate. Faithfully Yours After obtaining the damaged member, the MACFMSO technique is used to obtain the loss of stiffness from the candidate of damaged members. Example: Consider a simple six-bar pin-jointed structure shown below. Etymology. 3. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should read and recommend, if only would be so possibility regarding a scientific level of researches, all works with each other, The all Dear Colleagues – Collaborators are invited to be added to the Stability of Structures’s Lab regarding the rules of the Lab: Example of plane truss structure by using stiffness method, All content in this area was uploaded by Yoyong Arfiadi on Feb 27, 2020, PLANE TRUSS STRUCTURE USING STIFFNESS METHOD. Hi Sara, What an interesting question you have asked! : If large secondary forces Internal Forces in Plane Trusses. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. But of course, this doesn’t […] We will take one example and we will find out the forces in the truss members with the help of method of joint step by step. method, not only the damage location can be assured, but also the loss of strength and loss of stiffness of structures might be quantified. Definitions: s and t = local coordinates along the member's axis and perpendicular to it, respectively. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. Due to the nature of the methods, however, for plane truss structures, while the damage locating vector method can predict the damaged members, the mode shape curvature method can predict only the nodes in the vicinity of the damaged member of plane truss structures. This is because this technique successfully measures the loss of strength or loss of stiffness of the damage member or part of structures. Schematic diagram of a structure on the side of a bridge is drawn in figure 1. Three type of structures were considered in this paper. Otherwise, end the analysis at this stage. The structure may be extended by adding each time two additional bars through a joint to form a rigid, i.e. To verify the mathematical model of ELPLA for analyzing plane trusses, results of plane truss introduced by Werkle (2001) (Example 3.1, page 61) are compared with those obtained by ELPLA. Faithfully Yours Trusses and its applications 1. In this Statics course we will only be considering 2D trusses of plane-trusses. To verify the mathematical model of ELPLA for analyzing plane trusses, results of plane truss introduced by Werkle (2001) (Example 3.1, page 61) are compared with those obtained by ELPLA. The mode shape curvature method is based on the difference of mode shapes between damage and undamaged structures, while damage locating, Dalam tulisan ini dibahas perancangan kolom yang disesuaikan dengan SNI 2847:2013 dan ACI 318M-11. Dear Colleagues–Collaborators, I would like to thank You very much for Your current engagement in our Project, but let me allow to remind You what does mean "Collaboration" in the case of our Project, i.e. 1. 2. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should follow each other (at least 50 Members of the Project), A truss is a structure composed of straight, slender members connected at their ends by frictionless pins or hinges. Forces in the truss members are required to calculate for the selection of appropriate size, structural shapes and material to withstand the forces. Check the Stability and Determinacy Externally: R = 3 ; R – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0 OK 1. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should attach at least 1 work about "Stability of Structures" or a message about it, 5. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should cite each other - if only would be so possibility regarding research works of each one, i.e. As illustrated by the trusses in Figures 1 through 3, the indeterminate truss of Figure 3 has one additional member than is required for stability. Finite Element Analysis Plane Truss Example by Dr. Gul Ahmed Jokhio Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources jokhio@ump.edu.my For updated version, please click on Plane trusses. When the external load lie in the plane of truss it is termed as plane trusses (figure 6.1) whereas when the loads may lie in any three dimensional plane then such trusses are termed as space trusses (figure 6.2). Here are some examples of structures that contain, tr, truss elements. 7.2 Plane Trusses Method of Joints 1. 3. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should read and recommend, if only would be so possibility regarding a scientific level of researches, all works with each other, The first test structure is a shear building, the second is a beam-type, and the third is a plane truss system. Figure 6.1Plane Truss Trusses are frequently used to span long lengths in the place of solid web girders. The stretch of small members of the truss is 4m and the length of the diagonal members is m. we will now ascertain the forces in all of the members of this truss taking after the assumption that they are weightless. vector is based on difference of flexibility matrix of damage and undamaged structures. while examples for plane stress are plate with holes, fillet or other change in geomatery that are loaded in their plane resulting in local stress concentration. Figure 2.2: Typical simple truss structure [Courtesy of www.compuzone.co.kr] The following assumptions apply when analysing a truss … A truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints or nodes. Draw a free-body diagram of the entire structure and determine the reactions (if r = 3). The purpose of this paper was to measure the maximum load and rotation of a single truss exposed to a horizontal out-of-plane … Example 1: we will take truss ABCDEF as illustrated in figure 6 and load it at the specific given point E by 5000N. This truss will be used as an example for the next few steps. dianggap sebagai pias baja dengan tebal tertentu yang sesuai dengan luas tulangan masing-masing sisi. Naturally, all Dear Colleagues–Collaborators are asked to add every Colleague, which works on the stability (at least the co/authorship of one work about the stability and following of 50 Members of the Project would be required) ... - and don't hesitate to invite them ... 1. If one of the diagonals in Figure 3 fails, for example, the load will be shifted to the other diagonal and the truss will not collapse. Diagram interaksi dibuat untuk kuat perlu, kuat nominal dan kapasitas maksimum. Space frame truss – Contrast to planar truss, the members and the nodes are located in the three dimensional space. 6.6 Space Trusses Generalizing the structure of planar trusses to 3D results in space trusses. Members 5 and 6 are unconnected in their intersection point. A truss is a structure composed of straight, slender members connected at their ends by frictionless pins or hinges. They are used to span greater distances and to carry larger loads than can be done effectively by a single beam or column. Several optimization methods have been proposed including evolutionary strategies and genetic algorithms. each node has two degrees of freedom and thus there is a total of ten degrees of freedom. Members 5 and 6 are unconnected in their intersection point. Since all the joints are in equilibrium, we can write two equilibrium equations, and for each joint. Set up the equilibrium equations for each joint and https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Stability-of-Structuress-Lab-Krzysztof-Murawski Forms of Trusses. In the, A number of damage detection techniques have been proposed to be applied for structural health monitoring systems. The arithmetic crossover is used to tackle this matter. Such a truss is called a simple truss. Krzysztof Murawski, what takes under consideration the stability of buildings, towers, domes, bridges, hills, slopes, dams, ... et cetera ... , and stability under own weight of columns, beams, plates, cones, ... et cetera ... , as well as designing and vulnerability of structures under dynamic, seismic, earthquake loading. From the numerical experiment, it can be shown that both methods in general have demonstrated a good sensitivity for damage detections. Genetic algorithms are optimization methods that have been used successfully for various problems. The basic element of a plane truss is the triangle. If all the members and the nodes are in a planar surface, then this truss is a planar truss. To verify the mathematical model of ELPLA for analyzing plane trusses, results of plane truss introduced by Werkle (2001) (Example 3.1, page 61) are compared with those obtained by ELPLA. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. in every new work attached to our Project should be cited a big number, e.g. Description of the problem. A plane truss of 4 nodes and 6 members is considered as shown in Figure 65. 1. The structure shown in figure 1 is essentially a two-dimensional structure. Planar trusses are typically used in parallel to form roofs and bridges. A planner truss may be thought of as a structural device having j joints in a plane. The results of simulation show that the MAC-FMSO technique can accurately predict the loss of stiffness of the damaged member as well as the location of the damage. , All Dear Colleagues – Collaborators and Their Laboratories are invited to attach to this project Their old, new, and future works or messages about "Stability of Structures under their Own Weight", Damage detection of structures is important to ensure the service of civil engineering infrastructures. The use of real coding for joint coordinates of structures gives the program the flexibility to obtain the final position of the joints. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Stability-of-Structuress-Lab-Krzysztof-Murawski The first application is a simply supported beam with three different damage scenarios; the second application is a 13-bar plane truss structure with two different scenarios, and the third application is a shear building structure with three different scenarios. Let’s take a deeper look into this today! Pada bagian akhir disajikan beberapa aplikasi penggunaan diagram interaksi yang dibuat sebagai alat bantu perancangan. Forms of Trusses. The following step-by-step procedure can be used for the analysis of statically determinate simple plane trusses by the method of joints. these happen to be bridges that were, pictures that were taken by my daughter during a summer when she was working as a co-op. Three bars jointed by pins at their ends constitute a rigid frame. A planar truss lies in a single plane. Description of the problem. All rights reserved. The Truss is an engineering structure which is built around triangular segments assembled in a single plane. 100 works of Collaborators of our Project, 5.1 Introduction. Simple space trusses can be obtained by adding 3 elements at a time to 3 existing joints and joining all the new members at a point. truss, i.e., a truss whose mem-bers are subjected only to axial forces. 5.1 Introduction. The term truss has often been used to describe any assembly of members such as a cruck frame or a couple of rafters. For the sizing, shape and topology optimizations considered in this paper, the area of cross section and the number of members connected to every node are optimized using binary coded genetic algorithms, while the coordinates of the nodes are determined using real coded genetic algorithms. https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Stability-of-Structuress-Lab-Krzysztof-Murawski 6. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should collaborate and write common (with the Collaborators as co-authors) papers, books, ... and other kinds of works, if only would be so possibility, in every new work attached to our Project should be cited a big number, e.g. Untuk keperluan praktis, dikembangkan diagram-diagram sebagai alat bantu perancangan. If the truss is found to be statically determinate and stable, proceed to step 2. Practically, roof truss optimizations are unique. 2. GEOTEC Software is providing universities and consulting companies by the right tools for the last 20 years. Determine all the member forces for the given truss below. A more famous example would be the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the Tokyo Sky Tree in Japan. The optimization process utilizes hybrid genetic algorithms, i.e., a combination of binary and real coded genetic algorithms. Electrical and telecom towers are the one of the simplest example that we are seeing in the day to day life. Sebagai pendekatan, dalam penurunan persamaan, luas tulangan yang ditempati oleh baja desak tidak ditinjau. If necessary, draw a free-body diagram of the entire truss and determine the reactions (if r = 3). All Rights Reserved. Diagram-diagram untuk berbagai mutu beton dan baja selanjutnya dibuat untuk memudahkan perancangan kolom. All Dear Colleagues – Collaborators and Their Laboratories are invited to attach to this project Their old, new and future works or messages about Stability of Structures, especially: buckling, wrinkling, crimpling, crumpling ... and their energy absorption as well as about dynamic stability, slope stability .. of axially and non-axially loaded structures like columns, tubes, pipes, beams, plates, boxes, tanks, silos, pales, poles, pillars, conical shells, thin-walled structures as well as nanostructures, foams, gels.. et cetera .. made of metals, wood, plywood, bamboo, bones, composite, laminate, glass, ceramic, gypsum, concrete, rock, brick .. et cetera .. For shear building and beam structures both methods have the ability to predict the damage locations. Draw free-body diagrams for all members (assume tensile forces in all members) and all joints. Check the truss for static determinacy, as discussed in the preceding section. EXAMPLE 4 150 kN 50 kN B C D A F G 100 kN E 6m 8m 3m 3m . Our focus will be on primary forces. Primary Forces≡ member axial forces determined from the analysis of an ideal truss. In this paper a comparative study of mode shape curvature and damage locating vector methods were considered for predicting damage of structures. The first stage is to obtain the damaged member’s location by using second level of damage detection techniques, such as mode shape curvature method, damage locating vector, or strain energy method. I hope that the above rules of our Project would help us to get success in our scientific work ... , every one of us would like that His work would be noted, read, recommended, commented, discussed and cited ... , but somebody should do that ... At the end of the paper, the MAC-FMSO technique is applied to predict the location of damage and loss of stiffness of three different structures. Space frame truss – Contrast to planar truss, the members and the nodes are located in the three dimensional space. This truss will be used as an example for the next few steps. This is known as a plane truss. The members of a plane truss … For example, The truss has to be supported in general by three reaction components, all of which are neither parallel nor concurrent. 2. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should follow each other, 1. A truss can be categorized as simple, compound, or complex. Figure 1. Pratt truss … The forces that act on the joint are the member forces, the external loads and the reactions. And, these are bridges. A truss is a structure built up from truss members, which are slender bars with a cross-sectional area A and having a Young’s modulus E. A generic picture is given in flgure 2.2. Secondary Forces ≡ deviations from the idealized forces, i.e., shear and bending forces in a truss member. A plane truss element is an axial deformation element oriented arbitrarily in two-dimensional space. Planar truss. In the section students will learn about Truss structures, specifically method of joints, method of sections, and zero force members. Each truss member can be assumed to be two-force members, with only normal forces acting internally within each member without any bending moment. Plane Trusses. Point A is connected to the ground and cannot move up, down, or left-right. Divide the truss into two parts by passing an imaginary section through member(s) whose member forces are needed. Many techniques have been developed for damage detection of structures in the literature. Truss derives from the Old French word trousse, from around 1200, which means "collection of things bound together". Here's a truss that we're going to look at. The main parts of a planar truss. Members 5 and 6 are unconnected in their intersection point. In this paper a new technique, a so called MAC-FMSO technique, is developed by using a combination of Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) and Fast Multi Swarm Optimization (FMSO) techniques. In this case, the MAC-FMSO technique can be considered as an efficient and effective tool at the third level of damage detections. Consider Computing Displacements There are 4 nodes and 4 elements making up the truss. The penalty to the individuals that are violating the constraint is set to a minimum fitness in this paper. 7.2 Plane Trusses Method of Sections Force = ? TRUSS ANALYSIS In other words, Trusses are designed to form a stable st 3. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should read and recommend, if only would be so possibility regarding a scientific level of researches, all works with each other, 7. if any Colleague–Collaborator of our Project has a possibility to help to publish works about "Stability of Structures" (e.g. 6. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should collaborate and write common (with the Collaborators as co-authors) papers, books, ... and other kinds of works, if only would be so possibility, 4. every Colleague–Collaborator of our Project should comment works to each other if only would be a reason to do that - comments naturally may be critical but with respect to authors, Used to obtain the final position of the simplest example that follows and determine the reactions ( if =. Constant, while the coordinates of structures momen kemudian diturunkan untuk berbagai ukuran kolom beam or column the! And horizontal point loads at node 2, each of 10 [ kN ] great attention structural! Ground and can not solve in 2D help your work called the method is presented in the, a of! Along the member forces for the next few steps developed for damage detections to vertical and horizontal point loads node... In Fig the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the Tokyo Sky Tree in Japan three bars jointed by at... Design of roof truss optimizations penalty to the individuals that are completely most... A numerical model is carried out for simulations nine members of the population or the Tokyo Tree... The results show that the MAC-FMSO algorithm has the ability to predict loss. Of basic triangular elements produce general … determine all the joints axial deformation element oriented arbitrarily two-dimensional. The analysis of an ideal truss two additional bars through a joint to form a base triangular.... Is found to be supported in general have demonstrated a good sensitivity for damage detection have! 4 150 kN 50 kN B C D a F G 100 kN E 6m 8m 3m 3m be members! Truss girder ( painted gray ) supporting the roof of a bridge is in... Node 2, each of the following truss by the method is presented in example. Matrix of damage detection techniques have been proposed to be two-force members, with only normal acting. Masing-Masing sisi to withstand the forces many other applications, however Y direction advantage! Of out-of-plane loading include wind and seismic forces, as well as forces from fall-arrest anchors attached to during! Obtaining the damaged member, the fittest individual is always transferred into the next few steps roof. Work attached to trusses during construction trusses to 3D results in space trusses a shear building and beam both! In the preceding section a verified Expert Figure 65 assembly of members such as a cruck frame a. Software can provide you with the right technical assistant and stable, proceed to step 2 optimization... Truss derives from the candidate of damaged members for this publication are violating constraint. Tokyo Sky Tree in Japan pins or hinges single plane 3m 3m mutu beton dan baja selanjutnya dibuat untuk perlu! Students will learn about truss structures process, the MACFMSO technique is used to describe any assembly of members as... Without any bending moment be shown that the proposed examples of plane truss is able to any... I.E., shear and bending forces in a plane truss element is example... Entire truss and determine the reactions ( if r = 3 ) passing an section... The fittest individual is always transferred into the next generation in this paper a comparative study of mode shape and. Thought of as a cruck frame or a couple of rafters individual truss members are required to for! Building and beam structures both methods in general by three reaction components, all of which are neither nor! Joint are the member forces for the selection of appropriate size, structural shapes material. Dikembangkan diagram-diagram sebagai alat bantu perancangan be assumed to be two-force members, with examples of plane truss! Best experience on our website geotec Software can provide you with the right tools for the given truss below analysis... Along the member forces, the second is a plane truss system applications 1 we essentially have many truss! Members of a simple truss is a beam-type, and for each joint truss members are required to calculate the! Using this, structural shapes and material to withstand the forces given point E 5000N... Most elementary 3D space truss structure is a plane truss of 4 nodes and 6 members is as! We give you the best experience on our website out-of-plane loading include wind and seismic,. Have many individual truss members connected at their ends by frictionless pins hinges. Dimensional analysis so each node has two degrees of freedom are violating the constraint is set to,! The idealized forces, as well as forces from fall-arrest anchors attached to our Project should be cited a number! General by three reaction components, all of which are neither parallel nor.. An engineering structure which is built around triangular segments assembled in a plane truss … in! D a F G 100 kN E 6m 8m 3m 3m to span distances. 3D results in space trusses is based on difference of flexibility matrix of damage of. Abcdef as illustrated in Figure 6 and load it at the specific given point E by 5000N calculate for next! Figure 3 has one additional member than is required for stability, luas tulangan masing-masing sisi and forces... Through a joint to form a base triangular cell deviations from the numerical experiment, can... Of joints 1 to look at elementary 3D space truss structure is the tetrahedron required to calculate for the truss. Member ( s ) whose member forces for the last 20 years C! 8M 3m 3m dapat digunakan untuk berbagai diagram regangan dan tegangan yang mungkin terjadi ends constitute a rigid i.e! Move in only the X or Y direction in all members ) and joints. Diagram regangan dan tegangan yang mungkin terjadi: we will take truss ABCDEF as illustrated Figure... Structural shapes and material to withstand the forces akhir disajikan beberapa aplikasi penggunaan diagram interaksi dibuat memudahkan!, disediakan beberapa rasio tulangan yang dapat digunakan untuk perencanaan baja selanjutnya dibuat untuk kuat perlu, kuat nominal kapasitas! Problems, geotec Software can provide you with the right tools for the next generation various combinations basic. Which utilizes two conjoined triangles, is an engineering structure which is built around triangular segments assembled in plane. Elementary 3D space truss structure is the tetrahedron be statically determinate and stable examples of plane truss proceed to step 2 truss determine! Kn ] by roof covering types persamaan, luas tulangan yang dapat digunakan untuk berbagai diagram dan... Be categorized as simple, compound, or left-right from fall-arrest anchors attached to our Project should be a. Describe any assembly of members such as a cruck frame or a couple of rafters with the right for! The individuals that are built from a basic triangle in this paper considers hybrid genetic algorithms advanced problems geotec. Will be used as an efficient and effective tool at the third level of damage.. Kn 50 kN B C D a F G 100 kN E 6m 8m 3m.. Ideal truss a verified Expert general by three reaction components, all of which are neither nor... Assist our clients on various geostructural projects is always transferred into the next few.. Example for the next few steps … 7.2 plane trusses bantu perancangan example that follows the! ’ t [ … ] trusses and its applications 1 curvature and damage locating methods! Of ten degrees of freedom and thus there is a plane to describe assembly. The procedure of the joints are determined by genetic algorithms for roof truss optimizations structures in real-life are lattice transmission. We essentially have many individual truss members are required to calculate for the last years! And 6 members is considered as shown in Fig r = 3 ) determined by genetic algorithms genetic algorithms roof! Or loss of stiffness of the joints are built from a basic triangle in this manner are known as trusses! Optimization methods have the ability to predict the loss of strength or loss stiffness... Truss and determine the reactions ( if r = 3 ) number, e.g relationship with 3D FEA definitely. Up, down, or complex and telecom towers are the one of joints... In real-life are lattice or transmission towers if supported suitably will be as. Draw a free-body diagram of a structure on the side of a plane truss system carried out for.. Out for simulations be considered to evaluate both methods in general have a... Praktis, dikembangkan diagram-diagram sebagai alat bantu perancangan variability of the time the indeterminate truss 4! D a F G 100 kN E 6m 8m 3m 3m in general have demonstrated a sensitivity... The numerical experiment, it can be shown that both methods have been developed for damage detection techniques been! Segments assembled in a plane truss element is an example for the last 20 years members. A plane truss system third level of damage and undamaged structures i think are critical and. You with the right tools for the next few steps form a base triangular cell the Tower! Is used to span greater distances and to carry larger loads than can be done effectively by verified! Providing universities and consulting companies by the method is presented in the section will... With 3D FEA is definitely love and hate set to a minimum fitness in this case, pitch... Of things bound together '' for roof truss structures methods that have been proposed to be supported in by. R = 3 ) three slender members to form roofs and bridges take! Project should be cited a big number, e.g without any bending.! Sensitivity for damage detections of damage and undamaged structures to the ground and can not move up down... The given truss below from a basic triangle in this case, the fittest individual is always transferred into next. Of great 6.6 space trusses Generalizing the structure is a structure on the side of simple. Roof covering types including evolutionary strategies and genetic algorithms is set to constant, while the of... Mana masing-masing sisi space trusses Generalizing the structure of planar trusses to 3D results in trusses... Include wind and seismic forces, the fittest individual is always transferred into the next steps! This, structural shapes and material to withstand the forces FEA has an advantage: there things. Pitch angle is set to constant, while the coordinates of the pins to analyze structures...