Eggs have a low hatching success rate if not tended to by the male. It is one of the most widely distributed fishes in North America and its native range covers large expanses from the Rocky Mountains in Canada south to Texas and northern Mexico. The genetics of the species have also been well studied by April et al. It is associated with freshwater habitat. Lanigan, S. H. and C. R. Berry Jr. 1981. The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) will spawn starting in spring, continuing through summer and can be aided with the use of sunken ever-green trees or stacked pallets. It is known to cause declines of native and endangered species including Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) in Oregon and California. This species is considered a pest in much of its introduced and native range. It has a pharyngeal teeth count of 0,4-4,0 (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). Yellow perch (Perca favescens) are also known to feed on P. promelas and a study demonstrated that they consistently feed on small individuals when given a choice of different sizes (Paszkowski and Tonn, 1994). Its golden, or xanthic, strain, known as the rosy-red minnow, is a very common feeder fish sold in the Unite… Influences of fathead minnows on nutrient partitioning, water clarity, and ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands., USA: USGS Water Resources. 2001. Breeding males are often much darker in colour with a black head and a large black spot at the anterior base of the dorsal fin. After spawning, the male chases the female away from the nest and then guards the eggs until they hatch. Woundfin and Virgin River chub 5-Year Review., USA: US Fish and Wildlife Service. Primarily a benthic feeder, most of its diet consists of algae and protozoans, but it will also eat zooplankton and aquatic insect larvae (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). The creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) can be easily mistaken for P. promelas, but this species can be identified by its larger jaw, 8 anal fins, a complete lateral line and 11 or fewer gill rakers (Hassan-Williams and Bonner, 2012). It has been suggested that P. promelas could become invasive in the UK within the next 40 years, so further research is needed to identify areas of elevated risk, and control and eradication plans would need to be proposed and implemented (Godard et al., 2010). Maximum two to two and a half years. by Froese, R. \Pauly, D.]. Edminster, eds. It therefore has a high invasive potential and has been recorded as a pest in many countries. 1990. Sommer A, 2012. P. promelas can spawn anytime between May and September. Biological Invasions, 11(4):773-785. http://www.springerlink.com/content/b330w27880752rr4/fulltext.html. Froese R; Pauly D, 2004. This minnow has also been introduced to many other areas via bait bucket releases. They can be found swimming with other small fish, including the brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans), southern redbelly dace (Chrosomus erythrogaster) and the bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are native to much of Canada. Largely unknown. The fathead minnow is cylindrical in shape and has a terminal mouth and small, crowded scales. Nelson JS; Paetz MJ, 1992. In the UK, climatic conditions are thought to be unfavourable for yearlings, meaning that presently there is a low risk of populations becoming established. Freshwater Fishes of the Northeastern United States. Released into the Public Domain by the U.S. 1993. Texas, USA: Texas State University (San Marcos Biology Department). It has also been introduced intentionally into Iran and Europe, where wild populations have become established in the UK, Belgium and France. Literally, within two years you can't find a fathead minnow! It can indirectly affect aquatic insects, large cladocerans and other vertebrate and invertebrate species by reducing habitat quality (by increasing turbidity, phosphrous and chlorophyll a) (Zimmer et al., 2001). CABI is a registered EU trademark. The fathead minnow also dines on insect larvae, small crustaceans, filamentous algae, and diatoms. Species commonly confused with: Creek chub, common shiner . The adult fathead minnow will range from 2 1/2" to 3" in length. Other species within the Pimephales genus, such as the bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) can be distinguished by their terminal and slightly oblique to subterminal mouth, in contrast to the distinctive strongly oblique to superior and almost vertical mouth of P. promelas (Werner, 2004; Danylchuk et al., 2012). The fathead minnow is an ideal baitfish species for pond stocking, and due to its many positive attributes is the most recommended baitfish as a purely forage species. The table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. Hunting, angling, sport or racing (pathway cause), US Fish and Wildlife Service, In Belgium it is not only considered a pest as it predates on the eggs and larvae of native fishes but it is also thought to be responsible for the introduction of Yersinia ruckeri, the agent of enteric redmouth disease (Anseeuw et al., 2012). Blunt snout. California's Yolo Bypass: Evidence that flood control can be compatible with fisheries, wetlands, wildlife, and agriculture. Seasonal changes in the histology of the gonads and dorsal skin of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, 56(10):2103-2109. There has been selective breeding of a red colour morph of P. promelas, which is commonly known as the rosy red minnow. Zimmer KD; Hanson MA; Butler MG, 2001. It is also physiologically capable of surviving very low oxygen conditions in lakes. In: Invasive species in Belgium. And the bass end up eating each other—instead of those bugger bluegills! It was later introduced as forage for sport fishes and then became widespread as the bait industry grew. Vinyard, G.L. This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. Furthermore, improving the labelling and identification of fish species in stores and facilitating correct disposal of unwanted fish could help minimize new introductions (Chang et al., 2009). More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. Fishes of Wisconsin., Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, US Geological Survey. It is relatively short-lived with an average lifespan of 2-3 years. The natural geographic range extends throughout much of North America, from central Canada south along the Rockies to Texas, and east to Virginia and the Northeastern United States. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pimephales_promelas/. Gottfried, R.H. Hamre, and C.B. provided a dot distribution map distinguishing between what was considered native records versus those thought to represent introduced records. In: Fathead minnows in Europe, UK: Cefas-Lowestoft and Bournemouth University. The natural geographic range extends throughout much of North America, from central Canada south along the Rockies to Texas, and east to Virginia and the Northeastern United States. It is tolerant of a range of environmental conditions, has a high reproductive output and consumes a variety of food resources. Alberta, Canada: University of Alberta, 437 pp. Moyle, and L.C. Fish Species Recorded from Nevada. Compendium record. Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) is a species of bony fishes in the family Leuciscidae. Wallingford, UK: CABI, CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. P. promelas can reach maturity and spawn within their first year. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. http://www.natureserve.org/. Piller, K. - Southeastern Louisiana University. Gainesville, Florida. Fathead Minnows prefer a temperature of 50° to 70° F and a pH range of 7.0 to … It was introduced to Belgium for game and fish stocking and the first wild population to be become established was recorded in 1986 (Anseeuw et al., 2012). Cross. Rosi-Marshall, C.V. Baxter, T.A. Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: an example using fish. Distribution, Biology, and Management of Exotic Fishes. The bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) is a species of temperate freshwater fish belonging to the genus Pimephales of the cyprinid family. University of Arizona Press. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/. http://icais.org/pdf/2010abstracts/Gordon%20Copp.pdf, Hanson MA; Zimmer KD; Butler MG; Tangen BA; Herwig BR; Euliss Jr NH, 2005. It has been used for mosquito control in sloughs, ponds, ditches and storm water drainage channels. They will not fall ill very soon, nevertheless it will not reach a very old age. Table 1. Tackling aquatic invasions: risks and opportunities for the aquarium fish industry. > 10°C, Cold average temp. Intraspecific patterns of resource use by fathead minnows in a small boreal lake, 69:2109-2115. The species has been imported both locally and state wide; for example, the Minnesota bait industry sold P. promelas locally and as far as Florida and New Mexico (USGS, 2012). Fort Collins, CO. Starnes, W.C., J. Odenkirk, and M.J. Ashton. However, modelling predicts that the P. promelas could benefit from climatic warming by 2050 and so the risk of introduction could increase, and subsequently its invasiveness (Godard et al. US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (2013). † Populations may not be currently present. Ecol, 22(2):409-422. According to Shapovalov et al. Matern, S.A., P.B. Swift et al. In the Northeast, it is found in all states in the region (Werner, 2004). New York, USA: Syracuse University Press, 335 pp. (1986) listed it as introduced to several river drainages in the western Mississippi River basin including Ouachita, the lower Arkansas, the White, and the St. Francis-Little. Chronic Hg exposure can interfere with the growth of fish and lead to emaciation. > 0°C, dry summers, Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter, Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. The fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque is a member of the fish family Cyprinidae, the largest family of fish with more than 2,000 species worldwide and nearly 300 extant in North America (Jenkins & Burkhead, 1994). Summary of Invasiveness Top of page. It was first recorded in California in 1950 and was probably released into the Colorado River from a bait tank. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. Water Resources research grant proposal: Influences of fathead minnows on nutrient partitioning, water clarity, and ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands. Fatheads can tolerate lower oxygen levels than most game fish. In Europe, its introduction has resulted in the spread of enteric redmouth disease through the introduction of a bacterial pathogen (Yersinia ruckeri) (Anseeuw et al., 2012). Females develop an enlarged urogenital papilla approximately one month prior to spawning (Flickinger 1969)’ (Hassan-Williams and Bonner, 2012). The fathead minnow is an ideal baitfish species for pond stocking, and due to its many positive attributes is the most recommended baitfish as a purely forage species. Arkansas, USA: University of Arkansas Press, 536 pp. Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Cypriniformes (Carps) > Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) > Leuciscinae Etymology: Pimephales: Greek, pimeles, -es = fat + Greek, phales = whale; if the root is Greek, phales, -etos = penis (Ref. Distribution of Fishes in the White River, Utah. It is uncertain as to whether wild populations are present in Germany as well (Danylchuk et al., 2012). For queries involving fish, please contact Matthew Neilson. It has been accidently or intentionally introduced to many areas, where it has been stocked for its use as bait or as an aquarium pet. Fathead minnows are a common source of additional food for fish. It has been intentionally introduced into new areas through the aquarium trade, where it is sold either as an aquarium pet or a feeder fish (Chang et al, 2009). Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution/NMNH. Karp, C.A. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 124(4):280-309. The fishes of Alberta. Fish and Wildlife Services, Portland, Oregon. They are tolerant of poor water quality with low oxygen levels, high temperatures, and a wide range … Danylchuk Tonn WM; Paszkowski CA, 2012. Miller, R.R. Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) - Introduced. Texas Freshwater Fishes. Fathead minnow in your pond. In the Twin Cities area of Minnesota, P. promelas was introduced to control mosquitoes (USGS, 2012). Smith RJF; Murphy BD, 1974. Fish & Wildlife Service/National Digital Library - Original artwork by Duane Raver Jr. First wild population recorded in North Yorkshire, Widespread in central and southern Alberta, Not native but may have the possible exception of occurrences in the Tennessee drainage; Original citation: Ross et al. University of Nevada, Reno. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University New Mexico Press, 393 pp. Pimephales promelas: fathead minnow. [2020]. 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