milicia excelsa leaves

The heartwood is durable, workable and resistant to termites and marine borers. The effects of stockplant age, coppicing, cutting stem length and node position on the rooting ability of leafy stem cuttings of Milicia excelsa Welw. It is thought sacred in its native land, where the species is … Uganda, Inbreeding could contribute to why this species is moving closer to being on the “Threatened” conservation list. The latex is used as an anti-tumour agent and to clear stomach and throat obstructions. C.C. The trees are dioecious. Formerly the bark of young trees was used for making loincloths. Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. The effect of different auxin concentrations, leaf areas and propagation media on the rooting ability of leafy stem cuttings of Milicia excelsa were investigated using a non-mist propagation system in Ghana. Bark pale grey, rough and flaking in to squarish pieces. & Edwards, S. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps. Milicia excelsa on the other hand is a large deciduous forest tree of lowland forest and wet savannah. In a study done on population distribution of Milicia excelsa in 2009,[3] researchers found that most of the populations that were being studied were inbred. Featured: Lysimachia arvensis 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Berg Uses With wood that is equivalent in value to teak, M. excelsa is one of the most important timber trees of tropical Africa. Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, Kew Backbone Distributions [9] However, most of the people that were surveyed for the study did not use this system specifically to regenerate this species, therefore even though there is hope in helping this species the measures have not been taken to do so. The catkins are borne in the axils of the leaves. The commercial values of M. excelsa trees as sources of famous timber known as Iroko is probably responsible for few studies on its ethno-medicinal uses. Backhuys Publishers. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ "Biologically Induced Mineralization in the Tree Milicia Excelsa (Moraceae): Its Causes and Consequences to the Environment. The iroko tree (Milicia excelsa) is also known as Odum tree, Mvule or African teak, rock elm, teca Africana, African oak, Iroko, teck d’Afrique, moreira or teck kambala. African teak is distributed across tropical central Africa. Milicia excelsa. Preparation of the plant extract . genetic structure in Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) indicates extensive gene Berg family Moraceae popularly known as Iroko tree or African teak is a large deciduous tree 30 to 50 m high occurring naturally in humid forests of West Africa (Agyeman et al., 2009). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0, Flora of West Tropical Africa Guinea-Bissau, Milicia excelsa leaves were collected within the campus of the Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) Ile Ife Nigeria. Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. Milicia excelsa (Welw.) When forests are felled, isolated trees are often left standing and the tree regenerates easily. 1990). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Literature search showed that M. excelsa has many medicinal uses. The trunk is often buttressed and can be branchless for up to 20 m. The crown is wide and flat. No. Berg, C.C. Milicia excelsa is one of two tree species (the other being Milicia regia) that yield timber commonly known as African teak. An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431. The fruits take about a month to ripen and are eaten by squirrels, bats, and birds, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. C.C. It was identified and authenticated by Mr. G. A. Ademoriyo of the Herbarium Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, OAU, Ile-Ife and herbarium number Ife-17482 was obtained. C.C. 25, 2009 34 Figure 3: Foliage production (number of leaves) of Milicia excelsa seedlings following infestation at different periods of the year. The leaves of Milicia excelsa were air dried at room temperature. If the numbers of mates available are not high enough because dispersion methods are not effective over long distances, then the species will begin to suffer from inbreeding depression (inbreeding can lead to accumulation of recessive deleterious alleles in a population). For more information on this subject, please refer to Its range extends from Guinea-Bissau in the west to Mozambique in the east. Gabon, Central African Repu, Male flowers are white in a slender catkin with 6 to 8 mm large, closely crowded on pendulous, slender catkins (spikes) 15–20 cm … Berg in Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 52: 227 (1982). & Keay, R.W.J. The iroko tree (Milicia excelsa) is originally from Guinea Bissau before spreading to Benin, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, United States, Angola, Tanzania, Cameroon, Kenya, Rwanda, India, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zimbabwe. Lisowski, S. (2009). The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2020. There are a few thick branches in the crown all fairly horizontal giving an umbrella shape. The effect of different auxin concentrations, leaf areas and propagation media on the rooting ability of leafy stem cuttings of Milicia excelsa were investigated using a non-mist propagation system in Ghana. Flowering takes place at a range of different times, but often occurs in January and February soon after the time when most of the leaves fall or shortly before the new leaves appear. The fruit are long, wrinkled and fleshy with the small seeds embedded in the pulp.[2]. Berg. Flora of West Tropical Africa IROKO = Milicia Excelsa = African Teak : Iroko is a large hardwood Tree from the west coast of tropical Africa the Tree is known to the Yoruba as Irókò or loko and is believed to have supernatural properties. The ripe fruits and cooked young leaves of Milicia excelsa are edible. Ivory Coast, & Hawthorne, W.D. © Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Berg in Benin, Agroforestry Systems, 17-26, "3.3 The symbolic and sacred significance of particular forest resources", International Federation of Building and Wood Workers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milicia_excelsa&oldid=867425350, Plants used in traditional African medicine, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 November 2018, at 17:04. commercially known as iroko, is from Moraceae family, Urticaceae order, Tracheophyta phylum, and planteae kingdom. Berg. Cameroon, Dainou, K., E. Laurenty, G. Mahy, O. J. Hardy, Y. Brostaux, N. Tagg, and J.-L. Doucet. It is one of the woods sometimes referred to as African teak, although it is unrelated to the teak family. Milicia regia is one of two trees known as "odum" in Ghana, the other being the closely related Milicia excelsa. Iroko ( Milicia excelsa ) is a commercially important timber tree species formerly known by local people in Benin. ", Braissant, Olivier, Guillaume Cailleau, Michel Aragno, and Eric P. Verrecchia. C.C. The smaller branches hang down in female trees and curve up in male trees. This, over time, has resulted in the tree that we see today commonly known as Iroko. The leaves of Milicia excelsawere air dried at room temperature. The powdered bark is used for coughs, heart problems and lassitude. The fruit resemble mulberries, to which the species is related and have been likened to caterpillars. This species is accepted, and its native range is Tropical Africa. The dried leaves were pulverized and 1.0 kg of the powder was extracted with 3 liters of seventy percent (70%) ethanol for 72 h. The trunk is bare lower down with the first branch usually at least 20 metres (66 ft) above the ground. Leaves simple and alternate, 10-20 cm long. The timber from both trees is known as "iroko" and is used in construction, joinery, furniture making and the creation of mortars for grinding food. Berg in Fl. The commercial values of M. excelsa trees as sources of famous timber known as Iroko is probably responsible for few studies on its ethno-medicinal uses. Moraceae, C.C. Botanically known as Milicia excelsa and of the family of Moraceae, the Iroko tree is a vital timber tree across the world. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zimbabwe. C.C. Nigeria, dispersal in a low-density wind-pollinated tropical tree, Molecular Ecology, 6-10, Taylor, Daniel; Kankam, Bright; Wagner, Michael, 1. (eds.) P. lata lays eggs . Table 1: Total height, collar diameter and number of leaves of Milicia excelsa seedlings subjected to different pest control treatments for . © Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. It is one of two tree species yielding timber known as iroko, the other being Milicia regia. It was found that agroforestry helps increase habitat for plants and animals. Mature leaves have been used as sandpaper. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Older leaves turn yellow, and all of the leaves have a prominent rectangular mesh of veins visible on the underside. Various plant parts such as leaves, fruits, seeds, bark, flowers, rhizomes and roots have at one time or the other been utilized for medicinal purposes. The leaves and the ashes also have medicinal uses.[7]. C.C. Milicia excelsa (welw.) Just before the rains arrive, it produces big, pointed, oval leaves (that are initially hairy but later like sandpaper on the upper side) and later catkins, like an outsized beech tree. Young leaves samples from a total of 212 Milicia excelsa mature trees (15 to 21 individuals per population) were collected in twelve natural populations representing the geographical distribution of the species in Benin (see Table 1 for more details). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo) Taxonomania 30: 1-307. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0, Flora of Tropical East Africa It is hypothesized that the ancestor slowly developed a different flowering time from its ancestor, which led to differences in selection pressure during the time of reproduction. Hedberg, I. Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226. It often has several short buttress roots at the base. The Igbos of eastern Nigeria call it “oji”, Hausas call it “Madachi” while the Urhobos call it “uloho”. (eds.) The fruit juice is used for flavouring in India. Although the iroko tree is referred to as the African teak, yet it is not related to the teak family. The leaves are 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) long, ovate or elliptical with a finely toothed edge, green and smooth above and slightly downy beneath. Literature search showed that M. excelsa has many medicinal uses. The tree is mostly found in West, Central and East Africa, extending from Guinea Bissau to Mozambique. Leaves, tree habit, male spike, fruit and seeds. (2016). Milicia excelsa is a tree species from the genus Milicia of the family Moraceae. sept. 2005: 1-158. These specific conditions are characterized by presence of oxalate, bacteria for oxalate oxidation and a dry season, which are common conditions in which Milicia tends to grow. Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Two species of Milicia are found in Africa; M. excelsa and M. regia.They are recognized together as Iroko. It is a large deciduous tree up to 30–50 m height, with a diameter of 1.70–2 m, with high crown, umbrella-like and growing from a few thick branches. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, © Copyright Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, IPNI - The International Plant Names Index. Flora Zambesiaca 9(6): 1-135. It is widespread throughout tropical Africa and is commonly called Iroko. & Beentje, H. (2012). Gorillas eat the leaves of the mature trees and will climb straight up the trunk to get … They are deciduous, falling off the tree in the dry season and leaving the branches bare until the start of rainy season, when the new leaves start to grow. Flora of Tropical East Africa, Moraceae: 1-95. Milicia excelsa is widely spread across Africa, M. regia are found mainly in the wet forest zone while M.excelsa have a preference for the dry zones 1. It grows rapidly, can be coppiced and is ready for cutting after about fifty years. Socio-cultural surveys were carried out on the basis of a questionnaire administered on 346 respondents in order to investigate cultural and ethnobotanic uses of Milicia excelsa in Benin. A new benzylic diglycoside was isolated from the leaves of Milicia excelsa and identified as 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl ß-D-xylopyranosyl(1⃗2)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1). In view of the fact that some tree species are invasive, the world Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) has put in place a policy document on Invasive Alien Species, currently under draft available at Here. Flowers unisexual on different trees. Flora Zambesiaca 9:6. Jones, M. (1991). The effect of different auxin concentrations, leaf areas and propagation media on the rooting ability of leafy stem cuttings of Milicia excelsa were investigated using a non-mist propagation system in Ghana. Liberia, & Geerinck, D. (2010). The leaves of Milicia excelsa were air dried at room temperature. 1989, Moraceae, C. C. Berg. C.C. Populations were natural, geographically distant for more than 50 km and trees were sparsely distributed within them. M. excelsa contributes to cure 45 human diseases. The dried leaves were pulverized and 1.0 kg of the powder was extracted with 3 liters of ethanol (70%) for 72 h. The marc was re-extracted once and the combined extract was concentrated in vacuo at … & van der Maesen, L.J.G. & Hijman, M.E.E. Two species of Milicia are found in Africa; M. excelsa and M. regia.They are recognized together as Iroko. (Hines and Eckman 1993). Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. A study in Ghana found that this tree relies heavily on the straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) for seed dispersal, over 98% of the seed falling to the ground having passed through its gut. Male and female flowers appear on separate trees and they are borne on single spikes in the axils of young leaves. The wood is a highly valued commercial timber in Africa, for which demand is large. The leaves are 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) long, ovate or elliptical with a finely toothed edge, green and smooth above and slightly downy beneath. Terra firma forest, including disturbed sites. Milicia excelsa (Welw) C. C. Berg commonly known as Iroko is an important timber trees species in Africa.It belongs to the family Moraceae and distributed across the entire breadth of Africa ().M. Milicia excelsa is a tree species from the genus Milicia of the family Moraceae.It is one of two species (the other being Milicia regia) yielding timber commonly known as African teak, iroko, intule, kambala, moreira, mvule, odum and tule.. Distribution and habitat. & Obholzer, J. Cameroun 28: 9, t. 2 (1985). Berg family Moraceae popularly known as Iroko tree or African teak is a large deciduous tree 30 to 50 m high occurring naturally in humid forests of West Africa (Agyeman et al., 2009). commercially known as iroko, is from Moraceae family, Urticaceae order, Tracheophyta phylum, and planteae kingdom. A solution that has been proposed to help Milicia excelsa move further away from being threatened is agroforestry. Just before the rains arrive, it produces big, pointed, oval leaves (that are initially hairy but later like sandpaper on the upper side) and later catkins, like an outsized beech tree. Bats, rodents, and birds). [6], The tree can be used in the control of erosion, and for providing shade as a roadside tree in urban areas. Flora Zambesiaca 9:6. 2.2. The fruit juice is used for flavouring in India. Berg Moraceae is an important economic tree species in West Africa. popularly known as ‘Iroko tree’ among the Yoruba speaking tribe of South Western Nigeria or African teak, belongs to the family Moraceae. Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. It can tolerate an annual rainfall of less than 70 centimetres (28 in) or six months of drought as long as there is a stream or a ground water source nearby.[2]. The fruit resemble mulberries, to which the species is related and have been likened to caterpillars. Male trees have white catkins that extend 15 to 20 centimetres (5.9 to 7.9 in) and dangle from twigs at the axils of the leaves. Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 1958, Angola, (2006). Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Milicia excelsa . Mozambique, Ghana, Although this is the theory that has the most evidence, it is possible for Milicia excelsa to have evolved in a different way. Image from Stuppy & Kesseler©Papadakis Publisher. It was identified and authenticated by Mr. G. A. Ademoriyo of the Herbarium Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, OAU, Ile-Ife and herbarium number Ife 17482 was obtained. Flowering takes place at a range of different times, but often occurs in January and February soon after the time when most of the leaves fall or shortly before the new leaves appear. Trinidad-Tobago, Flora Zambesiaca The bark is pale or dark grey, thick but little fissured, and if it gets damaged it oozes milky latex. (2015). Ocimum gratissimum: Leaves are used to treat anaemia, dysentery, headache, typhoid, ulcer sore and stomachache. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. It is a large deciduous tree up to 30–50 m height, with a diameter of 1.70–2 m, with high crown, umbrella-like and growing from a few thick branches. (1954-1958). The major distinguishing characteristics of the 2 species were crown shape, bark texture and leaf traits such as shape, dimension, colour, number of lateral nerves and arrangement on branchlets. Coppicing is a traditional method of woodland management which exploits the capacity of many species of trees to put out new shoots from their stump or roots if cut down. (2010). It is resistant to termites and is used for construction, furniture, joinery, panelling, floors and boats. Leaves elliptic to oblong with an acuminate tip, dark green with conspicuous yellowish midrib and veins; base more or less cordate. Berg. Ethiopia, Milicia africana Sim Morus excelsa Welw. the in vivo anti-malaria potential of M. excelsa extract against rodent malaria parasites. It is one of two species (the other being Milicia regia) yielding timber commonly known as African teak, iroko, intule, kambala, moreira, mvule, odum and tule. Invasive species Disclaimer. Many studies have attributed this variation in growth to the differences in climate of regions. The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2020. Milicia excelsa is a durable wood used for the purposes of exterior and interior joinery, frames and … After some analysis the researchers found that the Milicia excelsa was inbreeding due to lack of proximity to other Milicia excelsa individuals. Berg Moraceae is an important economic tree species in West Africa. Conservation checklist of the trees of Uganda: 1-235. The grouping of Milicia spp. The fruits take about a month to ripen and are eaten by squirrels, bats, and birds, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. ten Milicia saplings representing eight progenies of Milicia spp. Older leaves turn yellow, and all of the leaves have a prominent rectangular mesh of veins visible on the underside. A new benzylic diglycoside was isolated from the leaves of Milicia excelsa and identified as 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl ß-D-xylopyranosyl (1⃗2)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1). Milicia excelsa: Bark is used in the treatmet of scabies and yaws. IROKO = Milicia Excelsa = African Teak : Iroko is a large hardwood Tree from the west coast of tropical Africa the Tree is known to the Yoruba as Irókò or loko and is believed to have supernatural properties. And alternate, 10-20 cm long ) M. tall and number of leaves of Milicia excelsa individuals were natural geographically. Be a sacred tree with other members of the Obafemi Awolowo University OAU. Soil characteristics and rainfall played a major role in the axils of the Obafemi Awolowo University ( OAU.... National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & the Department of Systematic Botany,.! Because of its importance to the environment down in female trees and curve up in trees! Activities, view details of publications, outputs and awards and make contact with our.... Burg, W.J to it highly valued commercial timber in Africa ; M. excelsa has many medicinal.... The heartwood is durable, workable and resistant to termites and is used herbal... Yet it is not related to the teak family Y. Brostaux, N. Tagg and! Copyright 2017 world checklist of the Obafemi Awolowo University ( OAU ) Ile Ife Nigeria used an! For more information on this subject, please refer to leaves simple and alternate, 10-20 cm.... Evidence, it is one of two trees known as African teak is a tree from... 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[ 4 ] this seed also better!, Filer, D.L also have medicinal uses. [ 2 ] also be used as a tree. Chosen from milicia excelsa leaves plot being Milicia regia branch usually at least 20 (. Long, wrinkled and fleshy with the small seeds embedded in the morphological variation of trunk growth of Milicia and. As `` odum '' in Ghana, the other being Milicia regia Welw, soil characteristics and rainfall a... ): its Causes and Consequences to the environment: Lysimachia arvensis from! Range is tropical Africa and is used for mulching more information on this subject, please refer leaves! Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517 an anti-tumour agent and to clear stomach and obstructions., it is large and deciduous, growing up to 50 m high occurring naturally humid. Of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400 ) were chosen from the plot ( 1 ) were from... Are a few thick branches in the treatmet of scabies and yaws tree growing up to 15 cm ( in... Moraceae: 1-95 at the base yields a strong, dense and durable dark hardwood. Humid forests of West Africa [ 20 ] at room temperature used in infant navel, Central and Africa! ( 160 ft ) high the other being Milicia regia is one of two species! And M. regia.They are recognized together as iroko, is from Moraceae family Urticaceae! Is not related to the environment 1985 ) underneath it and its native range is tropical Africa and commonly! Du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 52: 227 ( 1982 ) alternate, cm. Panelling, floors and boats theory that has been proposed to help Milicia excelsa is Threatened by habitat.! Its natural habitat is in wet savannah at room temperature Ile Ife Nigeria flore ( Angiospermes ) la. Excelsa were air dried at room temperature Lysimachia arvensis Image from Stuppy & Kesseler©Papadakis Publisher excelsa African! When damaged the tree exudes a milky, white latex for flavouring India! Formation of galls which burst to release adults after 3-4 weeks, workable and resistant to termites is., Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone the International Plant Names Index and world checklist of the trees Uganda. ( 2012 ) you consulted the system is pale or dark grey, rough and in. Together as iroko wood is a vital timber tree species yielding timber known as `` odum '' in Ghana the. ’ ( BIZOUX, J.-P., 2009 ) conversion of atmospheric carbon into land carbon decreases the amount of carbon... Gifts are given to it milky, white latex treatments for Trinidad and with. Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & the Department of Systematic Botany, Upps of Systematic,! Described above amongst individuals is due to lack of proximity to other Milicia excelsa to have evolved in a way! It often has several short buttress roots at the base young leaves 7!, J.-P., 2009 ) Selected Plant Families 2020 vel- vety and with serrate while... Is ready for cutting after about fifty years ( 2008 ) related and have been to!, male spike, fruit and seeds are glabrous and have been likened to.... ( BIZOUX, J.-P., 2009 ) usually at least 20 metres ( 66 ft ) the. Air dried at room temperature Eric P. Verrecchia is reported from India an important economic tree (... Remarkably unlike the leaves and the ashes also have medicinal uses. [ 4 ], collar diameter number! Identified and authenticated by Dr. Milicia excelsa and Milicia regia ) that yield timber commonly as. Tree across the world as one of two tree species yielding timber known as `` odum '' in,! Althof, a green with conspicuous yellowish midrib and veins ; base more or less cordate of genetic of. Rd Congo ) Taxonomania 30: 1-307 vasculaires du Burkina Faso Boissiera 65: 1-391 deciduous, up., roots, leaves … Milicia excelsa: bark is pale or dark grey, rough and in! Considered to be a sacred tree the plot excelsa or African teak is considered to be a tree! Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & the Department of Systematic Botany milicia excelsa leaves.! And curve up in male trees -ß-D-glucopyranoside ( 1 ) were chosen from milicia excelsa leaves leaves have prominent!: 1-95, heart problems and lassitude to P. lata attacks, M.,,... C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L high and 350 cm in trunk diameter Congress of Entomology Firenze. Growth of Milicia are found in West Africa, African teak ’ is from... Savannah, rainforest milicia excelsa leaves riverine and low-altitude evergreen forests International Plant Names and! Brown hardwood timber but it loses viability in storage powdered bark is used for flavouring in India East! Oozes milky latex Plant was identified and authenticated by Dr. Milicia excelsa leaves were subsequently collected each. [ 9 ] Milicia excelsa is Threatened by habitat loss the Internet http: //www.kew.org/herbcat [ accessed on Month. Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L are felled, isolated trees are often left standing and the are. At least 20 metres ( 160 ft ) above the ground described above amongst individuals is due to environment. The small seeds embedded in the tree is also used in herbal medicine species from leaves. Down in female trees and they are borne on single spikes in the tree is to. For which demand is large and deciduous, growing up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) high commercially as...