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Talc is the most common silicate material, with an idealized chemical formula of Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.015, Porkodi K, Vasanth Kumar K (2007) Equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism modeling and simulation of basic and acid dyes sorption onto jute fiber carbon: eosin yellow, malachite green and crystal violet single component systems. The enthalpy values obtained in the experiment were not high, which suggested that physical sorption dominates in the process of cationic dyes bonding on microspheres of fly ash. Biotechnol Lett 24:1037–1040. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 32:1461–1468. Nitroso dyes are prepared by nitrosation of the appropriate phenol or naphthol. doi:10.1007/s11274-008-9941-x, Ayed L, Chaieb K, Cheref A, Bakhrouf A (2010) Biodegradation and decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ecol Eng 47:291–296. 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Abiding by all the fair and moral business standards and norms, we are readily indulged in providing Malachite Green Oxalate. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.001, Dadhaniya PV, Patel MP, Patel RG (2006) Swelling and dye adsorption study of novel superswelling [acrylamide/N-vinylpyrrolidone/3(2-hydroxyethyl carbamoyl) acrylic acid] hydrogels. J Hazard Mater 146:194–203. PubMed Google Scholar. Int J Chem React Eng 7:1–22. (2016) functionalized MWCNTs with the carboxylate group and used as an adsorbent for the rapid and fast removal of MG dye from the aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 215–216:227–234. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.079, Weng X, Huang L, Chen Z et al (2013) Synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles by green tea extract and their degradation of malachite. doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0097-6, Wang XS, Zhou Y, Jiang Y, Sun C (2008b) The removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions using agricultural by-products. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 16:339–347. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25:705–711. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 32:633–639. have been extensively studied for the adsorption of MG. Mesoporous carbon was synthesized by Anbia and Ghaffari (2012) for the removal of a cationic dye malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution. Classification of adsorbents used for the removal of MG. J Phys Chem B 101:6420–6428. The natural siliceous materials used for MG adsorption were perlite, silica, glass fibers and alunite because of their high abundance, easy availability and low cost. However, due to their high production costs, these materials tend to be more expensive than other adsorbents. Int J Civ Environ Eng 2:222–229, Rajeshwarisivaraj Sivakumar S, Senthilkumar P, Subburam V (2001) Carbon from Cassava peel, an agricultural waste, as an adsorbent in the removal of dyes and metal ions from aqueous solution. Agricultural solid wastes are relatively cheap and are available in huge quantities. 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J Chem Process Eng 1:1–7, Debrassi A, Corrêa AF, Baccarin T et al (2012) Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using N-benzyl-O-carboxymethylchitosan magnetic nanoparticles. doi:10.1021/la800313s, Wang S, Ariyanto E (2007) Competitive adsorption of malachite green and Pb ions on natural zeolite. Fiber reactive dyes will form a covalent bond while they react with the cellulosic fiber. Bioremediat J 15:181–188. Azo dyes are complex aromatic compounds with significant structural diversity and are of great environmental concern because the reductive cleavage of azo linkages is responsible for the formation of amines, which are classified as toxic and carcinogenic (Raval et al. Bioresour Technol 115:16–20. Initially, the nitro dyes were acid dyes which were used for dyeing the natural animal fibers i.e. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.057, Sun H, Yang H, Huang W, Zhang S (2015a) Immobilization of laccase in a sponge-like hydrogel for enhanced durability in enzymatic degradation of dye pollutants. Environ Eng Sci 25:383–396. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.03.027, Man LW, Kumar P, Teng TT, Wasewar KL (2012) Design of experiments for malachite green dye removal from wastewater using thermolysis—coagulation–flocculation. Aromatic compounds are found to involve the pi-cloud in hydrogen bonding with silanol (SiOH) group during adsorption. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.021, Bekçi Z, Seki Y, Cavas L (2009) Removal of malachite green by using an invasive marine alga Caulerpa racemosa var. (2012) investigated the use of fly ash for the adsorption MG from solution with different contact times, initial dye concentrations, pHs and temperatures. Malachite green is a basic dye, readily soluble in water. Keywords: Malachite Green Dye, Coal Fly Ash, Adsorption and Isotherm. doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3135-7, Chowdhury S, Chakraborty S, Saha P (2011a) Biosorption of Basic Green 4 from aqueous solution by Ananas comosus (pineapple) leaf powder. Wan Ngah et al. doi:10.1080/10934520802597929, Das AK, Saha S, Pal A, Maji SK (2009b) Surfactant-modified alumina: an efficient adsorbent for malachite green removal from water environment. The optimized contact time and pH were 10 min and 9, respectively. Water Resour Ind 12:8–24. doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1385-z, Odom TW, Huang J-L, Kim P, Lieber CM (1998) Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Desalin Water Treat 51:7663–7671. (2005) using commercial grade (ACC) and laboratory grade (ACL) activated carbons. Ind Eng Chem Res 36:2207–2218. doi:10.1021/jp045610q, Eichlerová I, Homolka L, Nerud F (2006) Synthetic dye decolorization capacity of white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens. 2012); ozonation (Zhou et al. 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In addition, β-CD was also added onto composite (Magnetic-graphene oxide) to provide hydrophobic inner cavity and a hydrophilic exterior which can enhance the adsorption capacity of composite adsorbent for MG dye. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.077, Zhang J, Li Y, Zhang C, Jing Y (2008) Adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution onto carbon prepared from Arundo donax root. Dyes Pigments 62:1–10. Clean Air Act: This material does not contain any hazardous air pollutants. Therefore, Ahmad and Alrozi (2011) converted rambutan peel into activated carbon by physiochemical activation for its potential to remove MG dye from wastewater. (2011). J Hazard Mater 137:1719–1728. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00179-6, Rajeshwarisivaraj, Subburam V (2002) Activated parthenium carbon as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. (2001); The removal of color from textile wastewater using whole bacterial cells: a review by Pearce et al. Structurally and property wise they are similar to the cyanine dyes i.e. J Hazard Mater 183:402–409. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye. Han et al. Thanks are due to Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, for providing the research facilities. It was suggested that the adsorption of MG onto perlite was spontaneous, chemical and exothermic in nature and followed Freundlich isotherm as well as pseudo-first-order kinetic rate model. The skin and core of Artocorpus fruits, the major parts of the fruits, were inedible and have no economical value, and discarded as waste. 2006; Daneshvar et al. 2016a). Desalin Water Treat 20:228–233. Chem Eng J 180:81–90. Kilotonnes of MG and related triarylmethane dyes are produced annually for this purpose. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.025, Lin K-YA, Chang H-A (2015) Ultra-high adsorption capacity of zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) for removal of malachite green from water. Sep Sci Technol 44:2117–2131. (2015) as an adsorbent to study the adsorption of malachite green and crystal violet from wastewater. Bioresour Technol 89:121–124. Approximately half of all dyes are azo dyes, making them the largest group of synthetic colorants used in textile industries. They are small aromatic molecules which contain minimum one nitro group and one or more amino or hydroxy groups. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 149:111–118. Sep Sci Technol 48:1093–1101. Due to some of the unique characteristics such as small size, catalytic potential, large surface area, ease of separation, and large number of active sites for interaction with different contaminants the nanoparticles have established themselves as excellent adsorbents (Raval et al. doi:10.5004/dwt.2010.1212, Xing Y, Deng D (2009) Enhanced adsorption of malachite green by EDTAD-modified sugarcane bagasse. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2012.01.012, Saleh TA, Gupta VK (2011) Functionalization of tungsten oxide into MWCNT and its application for sunlight-induced degradation of rhodamine B. J Colloid Interface Sci 362:337–344. J Hazard Mater 150:774–782. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.087, Uma, Banerjee S, Sharma YC (2013) Equilibrium and kinetic studies for removal of malachite green from aqueous solution by a low cost activated carbon. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.118, Hasnat MA, Siddiquey IA, Saiful IS (2003) Photodegradation of malachite green in the aqueous medium. 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Recovery of dye on silica was studied from 30 to 90 °C and observed that only 3.5% was recovered from silica. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.047, Low LW, Teng TT, Rafatullah M et al (2013) Adsorption studies of methylene blue and malachite green from aqueous solutions by pretreated lignocellulosic materials. J Hazard Mater 167:1–9. In this article, the authors reviewed variety of adsorbents used by various researchers for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye from an aqueous environment. Hussain et al. Water Air Soil Pollut 213:251–273. Desalin Water Treat 41:342–355. Empirical Formula (Hill Notation) C 23 H 26 N 2 O . doi:10.4236/jwarp.2013.52023, Malana MA, Ijaz S, Ashiq MN (2010) Removal of various dyes from aqueous media onto polymeric gels by adsorption process: their kinetics and thermodynamics. 2016c). J Hazard Mater 133:196–202. MWNTs are collections of several concentric graphene cylinders and are larger structures compared to SWNTs which are individual cylinders of 1–2 nm diameter. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Aluminum, chromium and iron salts are frequently used for synthetic mordant dyes. doi:10.1021/jp971230b, Govindasamy V, Sahadevan R, Subramanian S, Mahendradas DK (2009) Removal of malachite green from aqueous solutions by perlite. 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But, with the historic discovery of first synthetic dye, Mauveine, most of the uses of natural dyes have been replaced with synthetic ones as they can be manufactured on a large scale (Gordon and Gregory 1987). doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.009, Chowdhury S, Das P (2012) Utilization of a domestic waste—eggshells for removal of hazardous malachite green from aqueous solutions. doi:10.1080/19443994.2012.749053, Witek-Krowiak A, Szafran RG, Modelski S, Dawiec A (2012) Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using microspherical particles of fly ash. It takes a long time for the spores to stain due to their density, so time acts as the mordant when performing this differential stain; the slide with the bacterium should be soaked in malachite green for at least 30 minutes and then rinsed off with water which acts as the decolorizer. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.020, Zou W, Gao S, Zou X, Bai H (2013) Adsorption of neutral red and malachite green onto grapefruit peel in single and binary systems. J Hazard Mater 143:311–327. Holzforschung 61:247–253. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.110, Nethaji S, Sivasamy A, Kumar RV, Mandal AB (2013) Preparation of char from lotus seed biomass and the exploration of its dye removal capacity through batch and column adsorption studies. J Chem 8:649–656. doi:10.1080/01496390902775588, Xing Y, Wang G (2009) Poly(methacrylic acid)-modified sugarcane bagasse for enhanced adsorption of cationic dye. They commonly form silica-secreting organisms, such as radiolarians, diatoms, or some types of sponges. 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Picric acid was the first synthetic nitro dye which imparted a greenish-yellow color to silk but could not be used for longer period of time because of its toxicity and poor fastness properties. J Hazard Mater 153:701–708. Activated carbons (AC) are known as very efficacious adsorbents due to their large surface area, a micro-porous structure and a high degree of surface reactivity. (2005) reported the removal of MG from aqueous solutions onto Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated rice husks. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.003, Srivastava R, Rupainwar DC (2011) A comparative evaluation for adsorption of dye on Neem bark and Mango bark powder. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.036, Zhang L, Zhang H, Guo W, Tian Y (2014b) Removal of malachite green and crystal violet cationic dyes from aqueous solution using activated sintering process red mud. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.019, Savva I, Marinica O, Papatryfonos CA et al (2015) Evaluation of electrospun polymer–Fe3O4 nanocomposite mats in malachite green adsorption. J Chem Eng Data 56:138–141. Academic Press, London, Griffiths J (1981) Recent developments in the colour and constitution of organic dyes. Therefore, this plant offers a good basis for the development of adsorbent materials. Afr J Biotechnol. Malachite green is the most frequently used basic dye, and its reaction with phosphomolybdate results in the appearance of an intense absorbance band at 620-650 nm (2). This material contains Malachite Green (CAS# 569-64-2, 100%),which is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of SARA Title III and 40 CFR Part 373. Abstract Aim is To dye wool, cotton and silk clothes with malachite green Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere to the surface of materials and are used to give colour to paper, food- stuffs and various textiles such as cotton, wool, silk, synthetic fibres etc. J Environ Manag 91:1915–1929. The maximum adsorption capacity was 52.91 mg/g. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.01.011, Mahto TK, Chowdhuri AR, Sahu SK (2014) Polyaniline-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the removal of toxic dye from wastewater. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.004, Waring DR, Hallas G (eds) (1990) The chemistry and application of dyes. It was concluded that amongst all the other adsorbents, agricultural solid wastes and biosorbents, such as biopolymers and biomass, have been extensively used for the removal of MG and are acknowledged as effective and economic adsorbents for the removal of MG dye. Ultrason Sonochem 19:404–409. Appl Chem Environ 3:71–77, Rong X, Qiu F, Qin J et al (2014) Removal of malachite green from the contaminated water using a water-soluble melamine/maleic anhydride sorbent. The main motto of this review article was to assemble the scattered available information of adsorbents used for the removal of MG to enlighten their wide potential. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 193–194:24–34. Abd-El-Kareem MS, Taha HM (2012) Decolorization of malachite green and methylene blue by two microalgal species. The optimum pH was found to be 7.0. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.564, Meng L, Zhang X, Tang Y et al (2015) Hierarchically porous silicon-carbon-nitrogen hybrid materials towards highly efficient and selective adsorption of organic dyes. Dyes Pigments 69:102–107. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2013.12.029, Saravanan R, Sacari E, Gracia F et al (2016) Conducting PANI stimulated ZnO system for visible light photocatalytic degradation of coloured dyes. They are low cost and have good fastness to light, washings and acids. Also two more frequently used ACs are: (1) commercial activated carbons and (2) activated carbons prepared from agricultural waste materials (Raval et al. Plot of pseudo-first-order (a), pseudo-second-order (b), Elovich kinetic (c), and intraparticle diffusion (d) models. The lower tinctorial strength and reduced flexibility increase the production cost of anthraquinone dyes and hence, they are not as widely used as azo dyes. doi:10.1002/ep.11742, Rauf MA, Bukallah SB, Hamour FA, Nasir AS (2008) Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions onto sand and their kinetic behavior. 2007a, b, 2008; Tayade et al. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.114, Onal Y (2006) Kinetics of adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from waste apricot. Abstract This review summarises the wide range of toxicological effects of malachite green (MG), a triarylmethane dye on various fish species and certain mammals. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.016, Ahmad R, Mondal PK (2010) Application of modified water nut carbon as a sorbent in congo red and malachite green dye contaminated wastewater remediation. J Hazard Mater 154:237–244. Normal water-based techniques, such as the Gram stain, will not stain these tough, resistant structures.In order to stain endspores, the dye malachite green must be forced into the spore with heat, in much the same way that carbol fuschsin is forced through the waxy mycolic acid layer of … J Mater Chem 22:3527. doi:10.1039/c2jm15544c, Ghaedi M, Ansari A, Habibi MH, Asghari AR (2014) Removal of malachite green from aqueous solution by zinc oxide nanoparticle loaded on activated carbon: kinetics and isotherm study. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10:231–242. Biointerphases 2:MR17–MR71. Lindley (Loquat) seed biomass as a new biosorbent for the removal of malachite green from aqueous solution. Approximately 89% (Figure 11) efficiency was observed after five consecutive cycles. Removal of malachite green dye from wastewater by different organic acid-modified natural adsorbent: kinetics, equilibriums, mechanisms, practical application, and disposal of dye-loaded adsorbent. Desalination 266:274–280. Based on correlation coefficient (R 2006; Eichlerová et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.