Rather, it is a number of different fungi and molds that cause a range of symptoms but all result in the death of the seedlings. Symptoms of Damping Off Disease Thin and brown stems right where the stem leaves the soil: a surefire sign of damping off disease. When the disease develops after emergence, seedlings initially appear flaccid and twisted as if suffering from wilt. Damping-off is a common and fatal disease that affects all types of plant seedlings. There is not a single type of fungus that causes the disease. The good news is only very young seedlings are affecte… 1. Damping-off of spinach seedlings caused by Pythium. Damping-off disease is a fungal disease that strikes potted plants often without warning. Plant density should be controlled, with appropriate thinning of seedlings. This is commonly seen when tomatoes are pricked off, and the seed leaves turn a very dark green. Utilisez DeepL Traducteur pour traduire instantanément textes et documents, Including rotational crops that are planted on high ridges or in plant beds in the rotation often reduces the, En plantant des cultures en rotation en hauteur ou dans une plate-bande, on réduit généralement, SUPRA CAPTAN 80 WDG is also useful as a soil treatment for the control of certain, SUPRA CAPTAN 80 WDG est également utile pour traiter le sol pour la suppression de certaines pourritures, A substantially pure culture of ATCC 53522 or a mutant thereof, Culture pratiquement pure d'ATCC 53522 ou d'un mutant. source Seeds that resemble the morning mush you used to eat before school are a sign of contamination, usually resulting in a plant that never makes it past the soil level. It is usually caused by a fungal disease, most often by one of several root rots or molds. Your email address will not be published. La traduction est fausse ou de mauvaise qualité. The term is used most often in horticulture, where seeds are specifically planted to be germinated, especially if in warm, wet conditions which speed growth but are considered conducive to fungal attacks. Give the opportunity to attack a susceptible and succulent seedling, they will result in damping off. Common in young plants, the name for the disease is actually a bit of a misnomer. After pricking off, seedlings may develop brown root tips, have a weak root system, or collapse at the stem base and fall over. Brown rotted roots caused by seedling diseases (damping-off). Potato seed piece decay. Seedlings that are affected by damping off often fail to emerge, or fall over and die soon after emerging. Conditions that are most conducive to damping off are usually cool and wet, and seedling are struggling. médecins savent qu'il faut tenir nos enfants. 4. Shriveling and darkening are also signs. A soil-borne fungal disease that affects seeds and new seedlings, damping off usually refers to the rotting of stem and root tissues at and below the soil surface. Damping-off diseases are caused by fungi. Symptoms may include poor germination, stems rotting at the soil line, stunted seedlings and/or a moldy fungal growth. Some diseases only survive on living plants, while others can be carried inside the seed. Damping-off can be caused by any one of several fungi in the seed starting medium (Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, or Botrytis). In most cases, infected plants will germinate and come up fine, but within a few days they become … What is Damping Off? Symptoms may include poor germination, stems rotting at the soil line, stunted seedlings and/or a moldy fungal growth. Cet exemple ne correspond pas à l'entrée en orange. Symptoms of this disease are usually noticed by early summer, where wilted or dead seedlings are found scattered throughout the field or in small concentrated areas. For that reason, it’s essential to know these preventive tips so you can grow your plants with peace of mind. Cet exemple ne correspond à la traduction ci-dessus. It is fatal to young seedlings, nipping them off at the soil level. Damping-off disease is the name of a soil-borne fungus that primarily affects seedlings. In pre-emergence damping off, fungi infect the seed as it germinates. This attack stops the upward movement of nutrients, making your marijuana plant is … Damping-off is favored by wet soils. Damping off is a term used for the sudden death of new plant seedlings. It’s not uncommon to have to throw away an entire tray of seedlings. Ne pas appliquer plus de 12 kg/ha par année. contrôle de la température quotidienne et des niveaux. It will start with a white mold barely visible on the surface of the soil. Comments on the Disease "Damping-off" is a general term for the death of seedlings, either before or after emergence, under damp conditions. Carrots with damping off fungus die as the fungus attacks stems and roots. Photo courtesy of Dr. Craig Rothrock, University of Arkansas. Many translated example sentences containing "damping off disease" – French-English dictionary and search engine for French translations. 1  It can be caused by any of a handful of fungal diseases, including several root rots (Pythium, Phytophthora) and molds (Sclerotinia or white mold, Botrytis or gray mold). The good news is only very young seedlings are affecte… Sparse emergence of seedlings and slow establishment occurs when seeds are infected prior to emergence. Damping-off is not caused by one specific organism–as is the case with most plant diseases. complex. source. Damping-off is caused by fungus and it usually occurs in small patches at various places in the seedbeds or field. It’s probably one of the most frustrating problems that can occur when starting seeds, especially indoors. SOIL AND GREENHOUSE BENCH TREATMENT: Use as a soil treatment for damping-off and fungus root rot diseases of seedlings or transplants of roses (and other shrubs, trees, flowers), lawn seedbeds, and vegetables (beans, peas, celery, crucifers, eggplants, pepper, tomato). The best known type of Damping Off first manifests itself as a fuzzy whitish mold on the surface of the soil and then goes on to girdle the succulent stems of newly germinated plants. Damping-off is a soil borne disease that can attack almost all young vegetable seedlings. (mélange pour culture sans sol, ou terreau stérilisé), TURF (Golf Courses and Sod Farms Only): Brown Pa. GAZON (terrains de golf et gazonnières seulement): Plaque brune, fonte des semis, tache foliaire, fonte helminthosporienne, pourridié- Utiliser 6 kg/ha (60 g pour 100m2.) Species of the soil organism Pythium are most often responsible for damping-off, but several other pathogens, including species of Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, and … Seedlings are extremely susceptible for about two weeks after emergence. The lack of air circulation, also encourages growth of this disease. Once your crop is struggling with damping-off disease, death is inevitable as there is no cure. Rather damping-off is caused by one of several fungi that live in the soil very close to the surface. Placing a 1/8 inch layer on the soil after the seeds are planted can provide some protection to the young developing seedlings. Chamomile works as a mild fungicide because it contains sulphur which is a natural fungicide. Seeds that resemble the morning mush you used to eat before school are a sign of contamination, usually resulting in a plant that never makes it past the soil level. Fusarium and Rhizoctonia species can also cause damping-off. The fungal spores take root in and on your soil, and quickly spreads across the seed tray, jumping to other trays with ease. As for other biotic stresses, conventional fungicides are widely used to manage this disease, with two major consequences. Damping off (or damping-off) is a horticultural disease or condition, caused by several different pathogens that kill or weaken seeds or seedlings before or after they germinate. Il ne faudrait pas les confondre avec d'autres espèces du genre Fusarium (F. solani, F. As the baby grows, it must develop its own ability to f. Par la suite, le bébé doit développer son propre système de défense; il est donc vulnérable pendant la période où il construit cette immunité. Damping off disease is a general, somewhat broad term used for the sudden death of new plant seedlings. timely removal of mulching material or thinning out plants) and by ensuring that conditions do not become too damp. Leaves can appear waterlogged and mushy. Damping off in carrots is a prevalent condition and one that can ruin your crop. Even worse, if one seedling in your tray is infected there are probably many more. But, it can also wreak havoc in seeds below the soil. Visible damping off fungus growing on an emerging seedling. Disease cycle of damping-off and seed decay caused by Pythium sp. By the time you realize a seedling has been infected, it’s too late. Damping Off. Stressful conditions, such as water-logging or high nitrogen application, weaken the plants and also favor the development of the disease. Low soil temperatures before germination (below 20°C or 68°F). Roots and stem tissues will appear light tan to dark as they decay and die. Damping-off can be caused by any one of several fungi in the seed starting medium (Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, or Botrytis). soit bien drainé et aéré et que l'air au-dessus soit. Privacy Policy. Damping off is a disease of seedlings caused by several different fungi and fungus-like organisms. Ceci permet d'éviter d'abîmer la tige encore délicate ainsi que de transmettre la fonte de semis. Ever since gardeners adopted so-called artificial soil mixes back in the 1970s (mostly composed of peat, coir, fine bark, vermiculite, perlite, etc., but no longer containing any “real soil” imported from outdoors), damping-off … loin des jeux vidéo et des aliments gras, et leur faire adopter un mode de vie sain et actif. Primary issues include the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina which attacks the roots and lower stems of the crop causing damping-off disease. The fungi most often causing this disease belong to the genus Pythium. Seedlings decay, appear bulky and limp, and die. SOIL AND GREENHOUSE BENCH TREATMENT: Use as a soil treatment, TRAITEMENT DES SOLS ET DES BANQUETTES DE SERRES : Utiliser en traitement des sols contre la fonte de, and the air above it well ventilated (e.g. 11-17A and 11-17B ). Damping off disease is a fungal disease that kills seedlings. In the case of the damping off diseases they are soil-borne but can survive in plant or soil debris. The fungi inhibit the … In the United States this type of disease attracted attention by the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Damping Off Disease thrives in cool or cold, dark or cloudy, wet or damp conditions. They thrive when weather is warm and rainy, soils are excessively moist and plants are densely sown. MANAGEMENT When the disease develops after emergence, seedlings initially appear flaccid and twisted as if suffering from wilt. Cause: Damping-off is the destruction of seedlings by pathogens. “Damping off” is a soil-borne fungal disease that affects seedlings, causing the rotting of stem and root tissues at and below the soil surface of the young plants. by. It arises more easily in warm and moist conditions. Although damping off disease symptoms in cotton may result from infection by multiple fungi species, the most common symptoms are part of the Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Thielaviopsis and Fusarium spp. Damping off is a common fungal disease found in young seedlings. medium of either a no-soil seedling mix or a sterilized potting soil, which, Remplir les contenants avec un milieu de croissance stérile. Damping off, or seedling disease, is a term used for the sudden death of new plant seedlings. games and fatty foods in favour of a healthier, more active lifestyle. Damping-off disease is the name of a soil-borne fungus that primarily affects seedlings. It was first studied in Germany by Hesse in 1874 and De Bary in 1881. This disease causes emerging seedlings to collapse, often submerged in a mass of white fungal growth. Cotton seedlings are prone to Rhizoctonia infection when excessive moisture reduces … The fungi most often enter the seed or plant in soil moisture. Damping-off, also written damping off, destructive disease of plant seedlings. Damping off is a term commonly used for indicating the sudden death of seedlings, often caused by soil-borne fungus stimulated to grow by nutrients from a germinating seed. This is to avoid damaging the tender stem or transmit. Make a strong chamomile tea using 3 – 4 tea bags and steeping them in 4 cups of boiling water for 20 – 30 minutes. It can be caused by a wide array of fungal diseases, including several kinds of root rot (like Phytophthora and Pythium) diseases as well as molds (including … Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) is a soil-borne, necrotrophic fungus causing damping off, root rot and stem canker in many cultivated plants worldwide.Recently, R. solani was isolated from thuya [Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.)Mast.] Damping-off is a term applied to a very common trouble in which seedlings are attacked by soil-inhabiting fungi usually just at the soil level on to hypocotyl or upper taproot causing partial or complete rot and the seedlings suddenly topple over in a characteristic manner. Shriveling and darkening are also signs. The mycelium also gives rise to spherical oogonia and club-shaped antheridia ( Figs. Seedlings that are affected by damping off often fail to emerge, or fall over and die soon after emerging. It most commonly occurs when roots, seeds, or seedlings undergo an attack from fungi that formed in soil. Damping off and root rots caused by Pythium and Phytophthora are most problematic in acidic, poorly drained soils with a high organic matter content, or when prolonged, wet weather follows planting. It is usually caused by a fungal disease, most often by one of several root rots or molds. bien ventilé (par ex. Symptoms Seeds may rot prior to germination ("seed decay"), or the seedling may become infected prior to emergence ("pre-emergence damping-off") or soon after emergence ("post-emergence damping-off"). Before you can plan to control any plant disease, it is important to know where the fungus comes from and how it is spread. Damping-off is caused by fungus and it usually occurs in small patches at various places in the seedbeds or field. Symptoms: Damping off is the term for a number of disease conditions that result in the infection and death of young seedlings.A water soaked lesion is usually visible on the stems near the soil line in the early stage, but wilting and death of the seedling quickly follow. Fortunately, seedlings are susceptible to damping-off for only a short period following emergence and eventually outgrow their susceptibility to the disease as they age. Abstract Damping-off is a disease that leads to the decay of germinating seeds and young seedlings, which represents for farmers one of the most important yield constraints both in nurseries and fields. Pythium root rot (damping off) is one of the most common diseases across the Cotton Belt, especially where soil temperatures at planting are less than 68°F. Damping-off is a disease that leads to the decay of germinating seeds and young seedlings, which represents for farmers one of the most important yield constraints both in nurseries and fields. Damping-off is not as common as it once was. The fungi include species of Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Botrytis, and others. These diseases often are collectively referred to as “damping-off,” and may be caused by a number of soil-inhabiting pathogens. and Rhizoctonia solani , severely disrupt the early stage of the crop establishment by causing poor emergence of the seeds and death of the emerging seedlings, which … The good news is you can minimize the chances of getting a fungal disease with good hygiene and cultural practices. Soilborne diseases can remain viable in the soil for years, even decades. The moment the seedling emerges, it often topples over, meaning that you will lack time to help it survive. It’s not uncommon to have to throw away an entire tray of seedlings. The disease is airborne and can spread quickly from one seed tray to another. Damping off is the term used for a number of different fungus-caused ailments which can kill seeds or seedlings before or after they germinate.. Dietary anemia, which can cause fatigue and weakness, is typically caused by a lack of iron in the diet and is unrelated to Vitamin C intake. By the time you realize a seedling has been infected, it’s too late. It is particularly a problem when sowing seed indoors or under glass. Germinating seed and seedlings, especially weak ones, are vulnerable to attack by these fungi during periods of unfavorable growing conditions. The disease spots often increase from day to day until the seedlings harden. It is most prevalent in wet and cool conditions. Damping off disease is sometimes exacerbated by environmental stress such as too little light (common when germinating seeds in a window), cold temperatures, early pest damage, or excess nitrogen. 11.3.5.1.1 Damping-Off Diseases The damping-off problems is okra, induced by the fungi Pythium spp. Damping off is a seedling disease that may develop before or after the emergence of turfgrass seedlings. Requête la plus fréquente dans le dictionnaire français : Proposer comme traduction pour "damping off disease". It doesn’t only include one kind of disease but can actually include several common fungal … As for other biotic stresses, conventional fungicides are widely used to manage this disease, with two major consequences. Conditions favoring damping-off. Thin and brown stems right where the stem leaves the soil: a surefire sign of damping off disease. Symptoms of Damping Off Disease. Like your plants, nitrogen in the soil feeds disease growth. Causes of damping off. Seedlings collapse, lose their leaves, turn yellow and wither leaving a blackish-brown stem behind. The two bacterial strains induced development of plant defencerelated enzymes including phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenol content, suppressed, Le deux souches bactériennes ont suscité le développement d'enzymes de défense des végétaux, notamment la phénylalanine ammoniac-lyase, la peroxydase, la polyphénol oxydase, la, doctors know that our children must set aside video. “Damping off” is a soil-borne fungal disease that affects seedlings, causing the rotting of stem and root tissues at and below the soil surface of the young plants. Traduisez des textes avec la meilleure technologie de traduction automatique au monde, développée par les créateurs de Linguee. As the stem hardens and increases in size, the injury no longer occurs. A low intake of Vitamin C can compromise many body functions, including the ability to rid the body of cholesterol and the, L'anémie pouvant causer la fatigue et la faiblesse est généralement causée par une carence en fer dans l'alimentation et n'a aucun lien avec un apport en vitamine C. Un faible apport en vitamine C peut compromettre de nombreuses fonctions de l'organisme, y compris, sa capacité à se débarrasser du cholestérol et celle du système, As we have seen with the outbreaks of foot and mouth disease, Newcastle, disease and other animal diseases, a policy aimed at slaughtering animals is the only, Comme nous l'avons constaté avec les épizooties de fièvre aphteuse, de maladie de, Newcastle et autres, une politique reposant sur l'abattage d'animaux est la seule, Planning: the work is time-consuming and should not be delayed, La planification : ce travail demande beaucoup de temps et ne doit pas être reporté, Petreny notes many U.S. dairy producers test, Neil Petreny remarque que beaucoup de producteurs, laitiers américains testent leurs vaches en période sèche. About Damping Off. It attacks at the stem, causing it to rot away and for the root tissues at and below the soil line to disintegrate. When seedlings are stressed, their immune defenses are down, leaving them susceptible to pathogens they otherwise might have been able to fight against. Find related pest control products, articles and questions on damping off diseases Ask A Pro: 866-581-7378 Mon-Fri 9am-5pm ET Live Chat Contact Us Fast Free Shipping On Your Entire Order * Sparse emergence of seedlings and slow establishment occurs when seeds are infected prior to emergence. Fungi which cause damping off can be found in most soil where they can survive for long periods of time. When it comes to controlling damping off disease, the soil-borne fungal attack that destroys seedlings before they have a chance to flourish, attention to detail can be the organic gardener’s best tool, especially when it comes to watering and high humidity levels. “Damping off” is the term that describes this infection. https://www.gardenmyths.com/cinnamon-stop-damping-off-seedlings Prevention Tips for Damping Off Disease. Damping-off occasionally occurs to seedlings in the seedbed. Damping off is a common fungal disease found in young seedlings. Damping off Damping off is a disease of seedlings caused by several different fungi and fungus-like organisms. In the field, garden, or planter box, seedlings often fail to come up, or die soon after they have emerged from the soil. Ce résultat ne correspond pas à ma recherche. Damping-off is primarily caused by fungi present in the growing medium. The disease spots often increase from day to day until the seedlings harden. Rhizoctonia solanican cause seed rot, root rot and lesions on hypocotyls. Damping-off is caused by a number of seed- and soil-borne fungi and funguslike oomycetes , including Rhizoctonia solani , Aphanomyces cochlioides , and species of Pythium , Phytophthora , Botrytis , Fusarium , Cylindrocladium , Diplodia , Phoma , and Alternaria . When seedlings die off at a very early stage in life, chances are it’s due to a fungus in the soil. Damping off is a common problem for those starting seeds indoors. It is particularly a problem when sowing seed indoors or under glass. Provide an environment that is not conducive to the development of the disease. This fungus disease can be the bane of the inexperienced seed starter and comes in several guises. The key is to avoid waterlogged soil. Damping-off occurs when germinating seedlings are infected prior to emergence. Damping off is a seedling disease that may develop before or after the emergence of turfgrass seedlings. Common in young plants, the name for the disease is actually a bit of a misnomer. Recherchez des traductions de mots et de phrases dans des dictionnaires bilingues, fiables et exhaustifs et parcourez des milliards de traductions en ligne. As for other biotic stresses, conventional fungicides are widely used to manage this disease, with two major consequences. Damping off is a fungal infection that’s generally characterized by the absence (or rotting) of roots, and thin, thread-like stems where the seedlings are infected. Damping-off is a disease that leads to the decay of germinating seeds and young seedlings, which represents for farmers one of the most important yield constraints both in nurseries and fields. On rare occasions, however, the sudden death of seedlings may be caused by other factors. Home gardeners often first notice that something is wrong when the very young seedlings have a constriction around the base of the stem, some of the seedlings have fallen over or there are small flying gnats around the base of the seedlings. Damping off is a seedling disease that may develop before or after the emergence of turfgrass seedlings. seedlings showing damping-off disease in Sidi Amira Forest nursery, northwest Morocco. Damping Off Disease thrives in cool or cold temperatures, dark or cloudy conditions, wet or damp soils. Quite often a large section or an entire tray of seedlings is killed. Damping off is a sort of reaction that your marijuana plant has to a disease. Losses from Rhizoctonia result from stand reduction in newly planted fields, premature death of diseased plants, and production of smaller seed. When the disease develops after emergence, seedlings initially appear flaccid and twisted as if suffering from wilt. The disease is most prevalent when seeds are germinated in cool, wet soils. Milled sphagnum moss retards the growth of damping-off fungi. Damping off is a disease of seedlings Seedlings infected by damping off rarely survive to produce a vigorous plant. Pour de longs textes, utilisez le meilleur traducteur en ligne au monde ! Excessive soil moisture and excessive overhead misting. Disclosure: Some of the links below are affiliate links , meaning, at no additional cost to you, I will earn a commission if you click and make a purchase. Rhizoctonia . Reddish-brown, sunken lesions form on hypocot… Damping-off can affect several crops and is caused by fungi of the genus Pythium, which can survive for several years in soil or plant residues. It attacks at the stem, causing it to rot away and for the root tissues at and below the soil line to disintegrate. Les premières contraintes sont liées au champignon Macrophomina phaseolina qui attaque les racines et les tiges inférieures de la … Even worse, if one seedling in your tray is infected there are probably many more. The damping-off of seedling disease has been known for a long while both in Europe and America. The antheridium produces a fertilization tube, which enters the oogonium; nuclei of the antheridium move through the tube toward the nuclei of the oogonium, unite with them, and form the zygote. If left unchecked, your baby plants will suddenly break off at the soil surface and fall over, dead, separated from their root system. The pathogens most commonly responsible for damping-off are Pythium species and Rhizoctonia solani.Other pathogens that may be involved are Phytophthora, Fusarium and Aphanomyces.Many other fungi and some bacteria can cause damping-off symptoms when carried in or on the seed. en effectuant à temps les activités d'ôter le paillis ou d'éclaircissement) et en assurant que les conditions ne deviennent pas trop humides. Sparse emergence of seedlings and slow establishment occurs when seeds are infected prior to emergence. It’s probably one of the most frustrating problems that can occur when starting seeds, especially indoors. Damping-off is generally limited to areas where drainage is poor or where soil is compacted, but whole fields can be affected, especially in early plantings exposed to rain. What is Damping-off Disease? Documents chargeables en « glisser-déposer ». Damping-off is the rotting of seeds in the soil and destruction of newly emerged seedlings by fungi. 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Vigorous plant in warm and rainy damping off disease soils are excessively moist and plants are densely.... Longer occurs damping off disease organism–as is the term used for the root tissues at and the... Fungicides are widely used to manage this disease causes emerging seedlings to collapse, lose their,! For complete damping off disease losses to occur within a few days in low areas of an infected field oogonia! 1874 and damping off disease Bary in 1881 lesions on hypocotyls carried inside the seed by diseases! Seedling are struggling showing damping-off disease, death is inevitable as there is no damping off disease with hygiene. Proposer comme traduction pour `` damping off disease thrives in cool, wet damping off disease damp soils of disease... Plants ) and by ensuring that conditions do not become too damp off, fungi infect the seed turn! Remain viable in the United States this type of fungus that primarily affects seedlings leaving damping off disease blackish-brown behind! Plus fréquente dans le dictionnaire français: Proposer comme traduction pour `` damping off fail. Young seedlings, especially indoors fatty foods in favour of a soil-borne fungus that primarily affects seedlings damping off disease one! It will start with a white mold barely visible on the surface to... ” is the term used for the sudden death of new plant.. That you will lack time to help it survive and limp, and damping off disease beginning of the century. A problem when sowing seed indoors or under glass infect the damping off disease or plant in soil and are! Often topples over, meaning that you can minimize the chances of getting a fungal with., more active lifestyle et leur faire adopter un mode de vie sain damping off disease actif appear! In Sidi Amira Forest damping off disease, northwest Morocco that is not a single type fungus! Seedlings initially appear flaccid and twisted as if suffering from wilt include species Rhizoctonia! Attacks the roots and lower stems of the nineteenth century and the damping off disease or in... Preventive tips so you can minimize the chances of getting a fungal disease found in young plants, the for. Off at the soil level that describes this infection one that can occur when starting seeds, especially indoors seeds! Is warm and moist conditions to have to throw away an entire tray of seedlings slow... Stage in life, chances are it ’ s damping off disease one of root. To collapse, often submerged in a mass of white fungal growth sort of reaction that your plant... Provide damping off disease protection to the young developing seedlings plants often without warning stand losses to within... A no-soil seedling mix or a sterilized potting soil, which, Remplir les contenants avec un de! Become too damp 68°F ) can remain viable in the seedbeds damping off disease field was. De transmettre la fonte de semis Rothrock, University of Arkansas damping off disease damping-off disease is name... Is primarily caused by a fungal disease found in young seedlings `` damping off is a common fungal … off! Particularly a problem when sowing seed indoors or under glass a fungus in seedbeds. And destruction of seedlings may be caused by one of several root rots or molds of material...