Because the local Muslim troops had been among Franco's earliest supporters, the protectorate enjoyed more political freedom than Franco-era Spain proper after Franco's victory,[5] with competing political parties and a Moroccan nationalist press, criticizing the Spanish government. Spanish troops provisionally occupied Tangier during World War II, on the pretext that an Italian invasion was imminent.[3]. [12], The Spanish Civil War started in 1936 with the partially successful coup against the Republican Government, which began in Spanish Morocco by an uprising of the Spanish Army of Africa stationed there, although within a day uprisings in Spain itself broke out. Ifni was a Spanish province on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, south of Agadir and across from the Canary Islands. Since France had given up her ambitions in Ottoman Libya in a convention with Italy in 1903, she felt entitled to a greater share of Morocco. The northern strip did not reach to the border of French Algeria, nor did it include Tangier, soon to be internationalized. France was granted the rest and in 1912, the Treaty of Fez officially made Morocco a protectorate of France. The capital, Rabat, lies a short distance to the north on the Atlantic coast. The most coherently expressed reason for intervention was fear for the strategic security of Spain. The line was opened on 17 Marc 1918. The Islamic legal system of qadis was formally maintained. The Mauritania–Western Sahara border is 1,564 kilometres (972 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Algeria in the north-east to the Atlantic Ocean in the south-west. "Min Khalifa Marrakesh Ila Mu’tamar Maghreb El Arabi." 1912 - Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Treaty of Fez, administered by a French Resident-General. It established the French protectorate in Morocco, and remained in effect until the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration of March 2, 1956. constitute a special internationalized zone. The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip of the protectorate on the Mediterranean and a southern part of the protectorate bordering the Spanish Sahara. [15], In 1956, when France ended its protectorate over Morocco, Spain discontinued the protectorate and retroceded the territory to the newly independent kingdom, while retaining the plazas de soberanía which were part of Spain prior to the colonial period, Cape Juby, Ifni, and other colonies (such as Spanish Sahara) outside of Morocco. However, in the latter part of the nineteenth century Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. In 1902, France offered Spain all of Morocco north of the Sebou River and south of the Sous River, but Spain declined in the belief that such a division would offend Britain. Ferrocarril Ceuta-Tetuan built stations at Ceuta (0.5 km), Miramar, Ceuta (2.9 km), Castillejos (8.0 km), Dar Riffen (11.1 km), Negro (13.8 km), Rincón del Medik (24.9 km), Malalien (38.1 km), and terminal station Tetuán (41.0 km). The Spanish protectorate in Morocco [lower-alpha 1] was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence into a formal protectorate. At a time when most European nations were stepping up the acquisition of vast colonial empires, Spain was losing the last remnants of hers. Maura [2] It ended in 1956, when both France and Spain recognized Moroccan independence. from here, you’ll be able to get snap great photos of the architecture. This force, which included a considerable number of Moroccan troops (regulares), was under the command of Francisco Franco (who spent much time in Morocco) and became the core of the Spanish Nationalist Army. Mails were sent via post offices operated by the Sherifan post created by the Sultan, and by the European powers. Furthermore, recent finds of iron ore near Melilla convinced many that Morocco contained vast mineral wealth. It began with a conflict over the borders of the Spanish city of Ceuta and was fought in northern Morocco. The postal history of Morocco is complex due to the country's political development in the 20th century. The question of the Ifni enclave in the south was also settled. The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish Sahara. Morocco, mountainous country of western North Africa that lies directly across the Strait of Gibraltar from Spain. These troops became the core of the Nationalist Army, which also recruited a considerable number of Moroccan troops. Morocco was forced to pay a 20 million duro indemnity—far greater the balance of the Makhzen's treasury; the territories of the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla were extended further into Moroccan territory; and Sidi Ifni became a Spanish possession. Unwilling to accept this, the Moroccan Army of Liberation waged war against the Spanish forces. With new harbour installations the company built also a 750 mm gauge local 4.1 km harbour line from Melilla Harbour to Sidi Musa, later extended to the total length of 7 km as demanded by Spanish military. The communist parties, the Communist Party of Spain and Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), advocated anti-colonialist policies whereby the Republican Government would support the independence of Spanish Morocco, intending to create a rebellion in Franco's back and cause disaffection among his Moroccan troops. Throughout the Protectorate Era, the art deco style spread in Morocco, especially in the modern cities of Casablanca and Rabat. The final act of the Algeciras Conference (7 April 1906) created the State Bank of Morocco, guaranteed the attending powers equal commercial rights in Morocco and created a native Moroccan police force led by French and Spanish officers. The sultan agreed to institute reforms that would transform Morocco into a constitutional monarchy with a democratic form of government. In 1956, when French Morocco became independent, Spain discontinued the Protectorate and surrendered the territory to the newly independent kingdom while retaining the plazas de soberanía, Ifni and other colonies outside Morocco, such as Spanish Sahara. Spain also received a strip of desert land in the southwest, known as Tarfaya, … Its inhabitants are the Shilha from the Ait Baamrane tribe. The 10 km Ferrocarril Tetuan - Rio Martin y prolongaciones was opened on 20 May 1915 for public service. Spanish Morocco, on the northwest coast of Africa and consisting of local Berber populations, was a Spanish protectorate from 1912-1956. Their exploitation led to an economic boom in Melilla. Cape Juby is a cape on the coast of southern Morocco, near its border with Western Sahara, directly east of the Canary Islands. The two Governments, inspired by their feeling of sincere friendship for Spain, take into special consideration the interests which that country derives from her geographical position and from her territorial possessions on the Moorish coast of the Mediterranean. The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.. In spite of German protest, the French Protectorate over Morocco was established on 30 March 1912. In the end of the XIXth century, there were a lot of revolts in Moroccoand the European powers decided to solve the “Moroccan problem”. In 1969, Morocco obtained Ifni. In the 1958 Ifni War, which spread from Sidi Ifni to Río de Oro, Morocco gained Tarfaya (the southern part of the protectorate) [16] and reduced the Spanish control of the Ifni territory to the perimeter of the city itself. After the successful 1925 Alhucemas landing, the French–Spanish alliance ended up achieving victory and putting an end to the war. [10]. [19]. Despite the weakness of its authority, the Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 18th and 19th centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to Turkish, French, or Britishdomination. The Rif War was an armed conflict fought from 1920 to 1927 between the colonial power Spain and the Berber tribes of the Rif mountainous region of Morocco. There was also the widespread belief, in Spain as elsewhere in Europe at the turn of the 20th century, that the possession of colonies increased the prestige of a nation. Spanish troops provisionally occupied Tangier during World War II, on the pretext that an Italian invasion was imminent. The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.. Plaza de Africa. After the Treaty of Algeciras signed in April 1906, where the northern part of Morocco was placed under Spanish administration, the Spanish started to develop this mineral-rich area, and numerous narrow gauge railways were built. The Spanish Army concentrated nearly 100.000 soldiers to pacify the Rif area and built an extension westward from El Batel. Yet within a few years after the disastrous war of 1898 with the United States, which had forced Spaniards to acknowledge their secondary status among European military powers, their government found it necessary to show an active interest in expansion in northern Morocco. Sidi Ifni is a city located in southwest Morocco, on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. The Treaty of Fes, was a treaty signed by Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco under duress and French diplomat Eugène Regnault on 30 March 1912. Morocco sued for peace after the Spanish victory at the Battle of Tetuán. There was continuous unrest in the area and the Rif Cabyle rebels attacked the railways. The earliest of these were established in the 11th century CE by the Italian Maritime republics; Spain and Portugal were the main European powers involved; both France and, briefly, England also had a presence. Despite the weakness of its authority, the Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to French or British domination. The iron mines in the Rif were one of the sources of income. As the protectorate ended, Spain remained on the map of Morocco with its two coastal enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla, but left Western Sahara in 1975 to joint Moroccan-Mauritanian control. [citation needed]. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. The best is the one right in the town center, Plaza de Africa. The Spanish protectorate in Morocco [lower-alpha 1] was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain [1] that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate. [13]. The Spanish suffered a major military defeat, almost always referred to by the Spanish as the Disaster of Annual, which led to major political crises and a redefinition of Spanish colonial policy toward the Rif. The economic base of the city is fishing. and its neighbourhood (about oo sq.m.) Over the preceding decade, large segments of the Moroccan heartland had fallen into French hands; it was only France’s reluctance to alarm other European states that kept her from declaring full dominion over Morocco before 1912. The iron mines in the Rif were one of the sources of income. Its exploitation led to an economic boom in Melilla. The Spanish lost more than 13,000 soldiers at Annual in July–August 1921. The Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas, known simply as the Regulares (Regulars), are volunteer infantry units of the Spanish Army, largely recruited in the cities of Ceuta and Melilla. [3] The city of Tangiers was excluded from the Spanish protectorate and received a special internationally-controlled status as Tangier International Zone. Sultan Mohammed became king in 1957. Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927 Show all authors. Spain was granted lands in the southwest region of the country as well as along the Mediterranean Coast in the North. Unwilling to accept this, the Moroccan Army of Liberation waged war against the Spanish forces and in the Ifni War of 1958, spreading from Sidi Ifni to Rio de Oro, gained Tarfaya. Most of these enclaves had been evacuated by the late 18th century, and today only the Spanish possessions of Ceuta, Melilla, and the Plazas de soberanía remain. Spain considers both cities integral parts of the Spanish geography, since they were part of Spain for centuries before the occupation of Morocco. The agreement which may be come to on the subject between France and Spain shall be communicated to His Britannic Majesty's Government. As for the plazas de soberanía (Spanish name for various enclaves and islands on the northern Moroccan coast), they were gained in 16th–19th centuries, before the international agreements on the Protectorate. The Communist Party of Spain and Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), advocated anti-colonial policies, and pressured the Republican government to support the independence of Spanish Morocco, intending to create a rebellion at Franco's back and cause disaffection among his Moroccan troops. There he loudly touted Germany's economic interests in Morocco and assured the Sultan of financial assistance in the event of a threat to Moroccan independence. Such beliefs made Spanish politicians more receptive to the adoption of a forward policy in Morocco. The Junta de Obras and the Compañía Transatlántica Española were merged to form a new company, the Junta de Fomento de Melilla on 16 December 1911. There were also two other companies which operated their own mining railways. In late 1955, Mohammed V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. ) arose as a result of the Agadir crisis and was established on the basis of the Treaty of Fez in March 1912 (in which Sultan Abdelhafid allowed Germany to cede protection of Morocco to France and Spain) which defined it (Art.I Par.3)[1] as a Spanish sphere of influence in the French Protectorate of Morocco. On April 7 of that ye… The length of this lead carrier was 19 km. (From the caliph of the king of Morocco to the Conference of the Maghreb). The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate. The northern zone became part of independent Morocco on 7 April 1956, shortly after France had ceded its protectorate (French Morocco). Controversy in Spain over the early conduct in the war was a driving factor behind the military coup by General Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923 which foreshadowed the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. It is located in Guelmim-Oued Noun region and Sidi Ifni Province. The presence of Spain along the coast of northwest Africa was initially manifested during the 1400s and 1500s — after centuries of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula had been overturned by warfare and the Moors retreated to North Africa. During the last decades of the 19th century, Spain observed with apprehension the increasing influence of other European powers in the region. Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate the strategic argument and the notion that Morocco was vital to Spain's international position. "Min Khalifa Marrakesh Ila Mu’tamar Maghreb El Arabi." The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate [2] around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish Sahara. James A. Chandler. France occupied Ujda and Casablanca in 1907, whereas Spain occupied Salwan and other strategic places in 1909. At first El Batel - Dar Driuch - Laababda - Zoco el Had, El Batel - El Aasel - Dar Mohan - Ulad Candusi, Dar Driuch - Ben Tiep and Laababda - Dar Tafersit lines were operated by locotractors which could haul 200 tons with three locotractors. Later, when El Batel - Dar Driuch 23.5 km, El Batel - Ulad Candussi - Dar Quebdani 23 km, Dar Driuch - Tafersit 12 km had been decided to be built to standard 600 mm gauge field railways the Spanish Army bought a number of surplus former German built World War I locomotives and rolling stock from Germany. In spite of any belief that colonial possessions enhanced the standing of a nation, most parliamentary politicians were reluctant, particularly after the 1898 disaster, to cast Spain into a colonial role. The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.. The work's aim is to explain the most significant period of Spain… Spain continues to operate its coastal protectorate. Biographic and Emotional Repertoire) presented at the Spanish Lower House and is part of Iberdrola's commitment to education, history and culture. The Spanish zone was completely autono… Their 600 mm gauge line run parallel with Compañía Española de Minas del Rif 1000 mm gauge line between Nador and Melilla Harbour. Ceuta and Melilla are two cities in dispute between Spain and Morocco. SPANISH MOROCCO. Civil ensign of Spanish Morocco (1937-1956). When Spanish General Alfau occupied Tetuán in 1913 it was decided to build an 18 km 600 mm gauge railway to Río Martín using the trackbed of the former lifted standard gauge railway. It had obtained mining rights at Idem, Beni Sidel and Mazuza areas. When Spain gave up the protectorate in Morocco, they did not give up these parts of Morocco. The extensions south to Benkarrir and Zina 18 km was opened on 31.03.1921 and west to Laucien 8 km, when the railway bridge at Mogote was finally completed, on the same day. The Ferrocarril Ceuta-Tetuán was founded on 15 September 1912 to connect Ceuta to Tetuán with 41 km 1000 mm gauge railway. Spanish Sahara, officially the Province of the Sahara between 1958 and 1976, was the name used for the modern territory of Western Sahara when it was occupied and ruled by Spain between 1884 and 1976. The Junta de Obras del Puerto de Melilla started at ones extensive building of harbour to carry mineral traffic overseas, mainly to Spain. The Morocco–Western Sahara border is 444 km in length and runs from Atlantic Ocean in the west, to the tripoint with Algeria in the east. See all articles by this author. Coordinates: 35°00′00″N4°30′00″W / 35.0000°N 4.5000°W / 35.0000; -4.5000, Map of Spanish Morocco with its Northern (Spanish Morocco proper) and Southern (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Narrow gauge railways in former Spanish Morocco, List of Spanish high commissioners in Morocco, [pɾo.tek̚.to.ˈɾa.ðo ɛs.pa.ˈɲol ðɛ ma.ˈrwe.kos], Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898–1927, "The Spanish Zones in Morocco (Continued)", "El mapa topográfico del Protectorado de Marruecos en su contexto político e institucional (1923–1940)", "Franquismo y descolonización española en África", Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1932). Cintra on 1 April 1958, after the short Ifni War 2, 1956 in 1912 the... Finally ceded its southern zone through the Treaty also recognized the Spanish Army concentrated nearly soldiers! Operated their own mining railways with apprehension spain protectorate morocco increasing influence of other European powers the. 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